Historically, Filipino public service has been deeply rooted in religious and moral beliefs, evolving from pre-colonial traditions to a system founded on nationalism and love. Before the arrival of the Spanish, pre-colonial Filipinos had their own religious beliefs centered on deities like Bathalang Maykapal. The babaylan or katalonan, who were priestesses and healers, held a highly regarded position and their beliefs influenced political and social life. The practice of trial by ordeal during this time is an example of the strong religious influence on policy.
The Spanish introduced a new belief system that led to the conversion of many Filipinos. This period, known as the Frailocracy, saw an incomparable amalgamation of the Church and State, where friars had significant influence over political and economic affairs. Despite the abuses of the Frailocracy, Filipinos never lost their core sense of morality.
The American occupation brought religious impartiality and forbearance, which allowed Filipinos to practice various religions. This value was later reinforced in the 1987 Philippine Constitution, which recognizes the establishment and practice of religion.
The Philippines now observes a submissive secularism, meaning the state is neutral toward religion and acknowledges the church’s role as the core of Filipino moral values. The Constitution even begins by ‘imploring the aid of Almighty God,’ demonstrating the enduring moral and spiritual foundation of the nation.
The culture of Filipino public service is a direct product of this historical evolution, encompassing the pre-colonial, colonial and republican eras. Public service is not just about meeting people’s essential needs; it’s about making people understand its ways. Holding a public office is seen as a privilege and a public trust, which is a duty to serve the public rather than a right. As per the 1987 Philippine Constitution, this public trust requires public servants to be conscientious, prioritize the common good and public interest above all and avoid conflicts of interest.
Additionally, public servants must observe values such as equity and justice, accessibility for all, national growth and patriotism. The delivery of public service must be founded in love, which is intrinsically linked to nationalism.
Filipino nationalism in public service can be regarded as a unique language of morality because it embodies the religious, humanist and nationalistic spirit that reflects love for the country, fellow citizens and God. This moral foundation ensures that government actions and policies are directed toward the common good.
Although there is a separation of Church and State under what is called passive secularism, it does not mean opposition to religion; rather, it allows the church to participate by offering moral perspectives in policymaking. This kind of relationship, as expressed in the Panatang Makabayan, reflects the high level of democratic values among Filipinos.
Ultimately, the standard of genuine public service lies in whether it is rooted in nationalism and love – a spirit that endures through time and is deeply embedded in the nation’s history and culture.