VAT vs excise: Which fuel tax cut gives more price relief?

As global oil prices surge, policymakers in the Philippines are weighing whether suspending the 12% value-added tax (VAT) on fuel may provide greater relief at the pump than cutting excise taxes.

The debate comes as disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz drive up crude prices, pushing domestic pump prices higher.

Under the 2017 Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) law, fuel is subject to a fixed excise tax – P10 per liter for gasoline and P6 per liter for diesel and kerosene – followed by a 12% VAT applied to the total price, including the excise tax.

This structure means consumers effectively pay a tax on top of another tax.

The debate has taken on added urgency after President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. signed Republic Act 12316 on March 25 granting him authority to suspend or reduce fuel excise taxes during periods of high oil prices or national emergencies.

The measure, earlier certified as urgent and passed by Congress, allows the president to intervene more quickly when global oil shocks threaten domestic prices.

However, the law covers only excise taxes and does not address VAT, leaving observers to question whether the levy offers more immediate relief.

VAT vs excise: How they differ

Excise taxes are fixed amounts per liter, regardless of market prices.

VAT, by contrast, rises as fuel prices increase because it is computed as a percentage of the total cost.

Industry officials say this makes VAT suspension more responsive during periods of high oil prices.

Tanya Samillano of the Independent Philippine Petroleum Companies Association told lawmakers that removing VAT at importation would “directly lower fuel costs” by eliminating upfront tax payments.

Shell Pilipinas President Lorelie Quiambao-Osial also said suspending VAT is easier to implement than adjusting excise taxes and provides larger relief when prices rise.

Using a sample diesel price of P100 per liter, the reductions are as follows: In this simplified example, removing VAT results in a larger price reduction than removing the excise tax, because VAT applies to the entire price, including the excise.

Fiscal trade-offs

The Department of Economy, Planning and Development has estimated that suspending excise taxes could reduce diesel prices by about P6 per liter and gasoline by P10 per liter.

However, revenue losses could be significant.

Estimates presented to Congress show that a three-month suspension of fuel excise taxes could cost the government about P43.3 billion, rising to around P106 billion if extended through September.

Economists also caution that removing VAT may disrupt the tax credit system, as oil firms would no longer be able to claim input VAT on imported equipment and services.

Some economists favor targeted subsidies instead of broad tax cuts to limit fiscal impact while still supporting vulnerable sectors.

The choice between VAT and excise tax relief ultimately reflects a trade-off between immediate price reduction and long-term revenue stability.

Filipino dub of ‘Conclave’ airing on Good Friday

A Filipino dub of the Oscar-winning movie “Conclave” is airing on Philippine television this Good Friday.

As part of their Holy Week offerings, local channels Kapamilya Channel, A2Z and ALLTV will air the Filipino dub of “Conclave” this April 3 at 8:00 p.m.

It will follow the airing of “I Still Believe” about Christian singer Jeremy Camp and “An Inconvenient Love” starring Donny Pangilinan and Belle Mariano. After “Conclave” will be “Every Day.”

This will mark the first time the film starring Ralph Fiennes, Stanley Tucci, John Lithgow, Lucian Msamati, Sergio Castellitto, Carlos Diehz and Isabella Rossellini will appear on Philippine television.

Based on the 2016 novel of the same name by Robert Harris, the movie centers around a fictional conclave the elect the next pope, where the major contenders each have hidden secrets and controversies. Diehz’s character Cardinal Vincent Benitez is Mexican in the film though in Harris’ book the character is a Filipino.

“Conclave” directed by Edward Berger was well-received by critics and audiences alike, winning the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.

Viewership of the film spiked months after its wide release following the death of Pope Francis, leading to an actual conclave taking place in the Vatican.

Numerous cardinals reportedly watched the movie for visual insight about the conclave process including Robert Prevost, who was later elected as Pope Leo XIV – the first American pope.

‘Why PDP can’t bounce back in Kwara’

For the sake of non-Yoruba speakers, _bo le mbe_ loosely means ‘come off it’. It is a language of the street to dismiss false or exaggerated claims. Other street boys will say _e kayi nah_ . It is the same thing.

Different reviews have trailed the interview that Senator Bukola Saraki granted Channels TV on Thursday night. In an excerpt of it on Facebook, Saraki claimed that Kwara under his watch was better than Kwara today.

The response he got (please see the attached screenshot) was akin to a story of the fabled Saudi Arabia returnee who said the chicken of Mecca is the height of a storey-building. _Alhaji e re nle!_ Calm down, Alhaji.

Even the visually impaired knows there is no basis for comparison between Kwara of yesterday and today. It is not a joke that you will miss your way in Kwara today if you last visited in 2022. You will miss your way! That is the easiest test of the pace of infrastructure development in the state, particularly the capital city.

Senator Saraki expectedly found solace in security issues, especially banditry and terrorism. Yes, the dynamics have changed across West Africa and the Sahel as a whole. We readily acknowledge that banditry and terrorism are a serious problem. We do not make any show of whose deaths are more; a human life is priceless. Every soul we have lost is irreplaceable. May God comfort every grieving family and forgive the dead.

Every resource is being channelled to end the madness of the bad faith actors. The security agencies are never left without the support of the state government. And this is in hundreds of millions of naira every month. Kwara was among the pioneer states to recruit forest guards and it contributed immensely to their welfare till date. In a pragmatic search for solutions, the government is supporting communities to build resilience and curtail the evil. Victims are supported within ethical boundaries that do not cause bigger problems.

We acknowledge that Senator Saraki is at liberty to weaponise this national calamity and the pains of everyone for political effect. The consolation is that people of good conscience can see through the bad politics as the comments under the post showed.

In education, workers’ welfare, social security, healthcare, or fiscal prudence, there is no evidence to corroborate Saraki’s claims, which are, with due respect to His Excellency, mere platitudes. And platitudes are not facts. But they can make us happy. _Truthiness._

His Excellency may revisit my response to his similar claims in 2021, titled ‘A note on the Kwara journey’. It remains relevant for this discourse. But a lot has changed for the better since then. For instance, all the salary and pension debts that the Saraki-inspired administration left have been paid by the Otoge government. It was in billions.

Between 2003 and 2019, a period of 16 years, their Excellencies Saraki and Abdulfatai Ahmed hired a total of 6,098 basic school teachers. Between 2019 and 2025, the Otoge administration hired 8,912 basic school teachers. The Teachers Salary Allowance (TSA), which went into coma in 2012 under a government His Excellency inspired, has been revived. In addition, Kwara under Otoge has just approved peculiar allowance for core civil servants.

Today in Nigeria, Kwara is in the top highest salary payers for medical house officers, a strategy to keep doctors in the public health system. More will be done. His Excellency Saraki may also note the creation and accreditation on the first try by the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN) of the Kwara State University Teaching Hospital. That’s a no mean feat – it means good doctors can be produced and trained whilst serving the people of Kwara State. That’s another legacy of the Otoge administration.

In road construction, institutional memory says the Kwara State Government did a total of 398.73kilometres (including the 120km federal-funded) Chikanda road roads between 2003 and 2019; the Otoge administration has a total of 588.77km to its credit – aside from the 293km tax credit road the Governor facilitated from the Federal Government. The Maths tells the story, even when we look at government’s revenue then and now. A few persons say Kwara now earns more; numbers don’t work that way. It is about what a million naira bought in 2019 and what it buys now.

His Excellency Saraki may also check the current health indices of Kwara State today and yesterday. The latest National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) released by the Federal Ministry of Health adjudged Kwara as the best State for a child to be born and raised with the lowest under-5 mortality rate in Nigeria. Last week, Governor AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq has approved the enlistment of a large section of civil servants into the health insurance following an earlier negotiation with the labour.

That is a first in our state. How? Yes, the Ahmed administration passed the health insurance law in 2017, but it didn’t implement it in any way. This administration activated it and we have at least 120,000 already enjoying health insurance this minute – apart from the civil servants who are to be brought into the net.

The Otoge administration is not perfect. No government in the world is. But His Excellency is advised to quit comparing apples with oranges. They are not the same.

And, finally, Your Excellency Saraki: the Otoge administration did not demolish any home called Ile Arugbo. No one lived there. The government removed a shanty UNLAWFULLY erected on a public land. This happened in 2020. Till date, no one has provided a tissue paper which links ownership of the land to your family. The court once struck out the legal challenge mounted by one Asa Investment, an opaque shell firm whose ‘owners’ at the corporate affairs commission did not include a Saraki.

The public may note that the land, owned by KWSG and meant for collective use, was allocated to one Asa Investment in the early 2000s without a kobo paid to the treasury. This is the brief history of the land.

Now, the Senator Oluremi Tinubu Hospital (formerly civil service clinic) is taking a section of the land, while the remaining lot is hosting a civic centre – both of which are part of the many legacies of Otoge. I’m sure that hospital structure (never seen before in our state) must be the envy of Distinguished Senator Saraki!

‘Tinubu’s policies gaining acceptance ahead of 2027’

What does your role entail as the Renewed Hope Advocacy Coordinator in Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area of Lagos State?

My role involves engaging different segments of the public in this locality – youths, various ethnic groups, women, and others. I educate them on the long-term benefits of government policies ahead of the 2027 general election.

We are using a systematic approach to identify voters across polling units in our locality and help them understand the positive impact of government actions.

Within this community, particularly Oshodi, we aim to deliver at least 100,000 votes. Is this realistic? Oshodi has over 180,000 registered voters, with turnout typically below 25 per cent in each election cycle. However, if we include Isolo and Ejigbo, the voting population rises to about 370,000.

Our strategy is to reduce voter apathy, a persistent issue. We want to ensure that on election day, young people are not playing football on the streets and women are not preoccupied with other activities instead of voting.

To achieve this, we have built a structure to identify and engage groups who usually do not vote. We explain why they should not only vote but also support Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu in the presidential election. Our approach is data-driven because we understand that repeating the same strategy will not produce different results.

Voter apathy has worsened over successive election cycles. While some people go to polling units, many youths prefer to play football. How do you plan to address this, and what has the target audience’s response been so far?

The response has been largely positive. It is different from what we experienced two years ago at the early stage of this administration. This change is due to the visible impact of government policies, which initially seemed harsh.

I believe strongly in data analysis, and that is the approach we are using.

About three years ago, we conducted a survey in this area to identify those who did not vote for the president in 2023. We discovered that the Muslim-Muslim ticket worked against the APC in many communities, including ours, as some people preferred a Christian vice president.

We also found that the elite were divided at the time and did not fully support Tinubu, as they had alternative candidates. Today, the situation has changed significantly.

We conducted research with a sample of 500 people, asking whom they voted for in the last election and whom they intend to support in 2027. Interestingly, many elites who did not support Tinubu in 2023 have now decided to back him.

Why? They can now see the positive impact of his policies on the economy. They understood that the reforms were necessary, even if they were initially painful. Overall, the response has been very encouraging.

Our strategy combines data analysis with direct engagement. While we use social media, our primary focus is grassroots interaction. We also analyse historical voting patterns in this community since 1999 to guide our efforts.

To tackle voter apathy, the APC has established grassroots campaign structures across various communities. We realised we cannot wait until a few weeks before the election to begin engagement.

We are also working with influencers and community leaders who may not be party members but support the president and are willing to advocate on our behalf. Their followers tend to respond positively.

I must also acknowledge the chairman of Oshodi/Isolo Local Government, Otunba Kehinde Oloyede Almaroof, for putting this structure in place. I am only implementing it.

Nigerians have divergent views about President Bola Ahmed Tinubu. How do you intend to convince those who are not APC members or supporters to vote for him?

It is a straightforward task because many Nigerians are already aware of the positive impact of the administration’s policies across sectors. However, differing opinions are normal in any political system.

From our interactions, the elite, the youths, and the general public are beginning to understand that the president’s tough decisions are for the long-term benefit of the country. We explain these policies in practical terms – how they affect market women, artisans, and young people.

The president inherited a struggling economy, with revenue challenges and heavy debt obligations. Gradually, the economy is stabilising. Nigeria is no longer in recession, and global institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF are increasingly positive about the Nigerian economy.

President Tinubu implemented reforms that previous administrations avoided because of their political implications. He could have continued with practices like excessive borrowing, currency manipulation, and fuel subsidies, but he chose a different path.

These decisions were difficult but necessary to stabilise the economy.

Can you highlight one or two policies that have positively impacted Nigerians? What achievements do you emphasise most when engaging the public?

We consider both macroeconomic and microeconomic perspectives. Before Tinubu assumed office, Nigeria faced serious economic challenges – high debt, low revenue, and heavy reliance on borrowing.

The administration took bold steps by removing fuel subsidies and floating the naira. Initially, this led to increased prices of goods and services, but the economy is now adjusting. Food prices are beginning to drop, and even critics acknowledge this trend.

The previous system largely benefited a small segment of society, which is unsustainable. The current reforms aim to create long-term stability.

Key policies, including reforms in the insurance and banking sectors, are designed to protect citizens. State revenues have also increased, and the president has encouraged citizens to hold their governors accountable.

There has been improvement in trade balances, growth in local refining capacity, and increased foreign direct investment. The stock market has also recorded significant gains, boosting investor confidence.

For young people, the student loan scheme has improved access to tertiary education. Technical and vocational education is also being prioritised by making it tuition-free. This will help the country to address skill shortages in the long run.

Many states now receive higher allocations, yet the impact is not widely felt at the grassroots. What is your advice to governors to prevent this from affecting the president’s re-election?

Given my position, it is not my place to advise governors. However, I encourage them to use available resources effectively to complement the president’s efforts.

Local government autonomy is a critical policy in this regard. Development must be felt at the grassroots.

In Oshodi, we have seen significant progress over the past five years under Chairman Kehinde Oloyede Almaroof. His performance demonstrates that when resources are properly managed at the local level, tangible results can be achieved.

Ultimately, leaders at all levels will be held accountable for how they utilise public resources.

Looking back at the 2023 election, what lessons has the APC learnt, especially after losing Lagos to the Labour Party? How are these lessons shaping your 2027 strategy?

The events of 2023 are well known. Internal divisions within the party affected our performance. Some elements within the party did not support Tinubu’s candidacy and even initiated policies that worked against the party.

For example, the naira redesign policy caused severe hardship, as people could not access their own money. Fuel scarcity at the time also restricted movement. These challenges negatively impacted voters.

Despite these obstacles, Tinubu still won the election. Without them, the margin of victory would likely have been wider.

Today, the situation is different. The opposition appears weaker, and the political landscape has changed. If there is a strong opposition, we expect them to present themselves.

For now, we are focused on strengthening our base and ensuring better performance in 2027.

No Fuel Shortage in Country: Minister

Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Iqbal Hassan Mahmood has said that there is no fuel shortage in the country and urged citizens not to panic-buy petroleum products, as the government maintains adequate fuel reserves, ensuring an uninterrupted supply. ‘There is no reason for people to worry about fuel oil,’ the minister said during a recent media brie?ng outside the Prime Minister’s Of?ce (PMO) in the city. He had just emerged from a meeting with Prime Minister Tarique Rahman, where they discussed the global energy situation, particularly the growing concerns surrounding fuel supplies due to the ongoing con?ict in the Middle East. About the current rationing system at fuel stations, Iqbal Hassan explained that the measure was introduced to manage uncertainty over the duration of the con?ict. However, he said that the rationing has caused some citizens to stockpile fuel which has led to unnecessary panic. ‘In reality, there is no shortage of fuel oil,’ he reassured, adding that two additional fuel shipments are scheduled to arrive in Bangladesh on March 9

Big LPG Importers Sidelined as Emerging Players Gain Ground

The domestic lique?ed petroleum gas (LPG) market is undergoing a shake-up as stricter banking rules during the interim government have altered who can import fuel. As a result, some of the largest players have been sidelined, while emerging companies are rapidly expanding their footprint.

two former key market players, Bashundhara LP Gas Ltd and Beximco LPG, have effectively been excluded from direct imports since the 2024 political changeover and the subsequent formation of the interim government. Meanwhile, Meghna Fresh LPG Ltd, Jamuna Spacetech Joint Venture and United Aygaz LPG Ltd have gradually increased their market share up to ?scal year (FY) 2025.

according to National Board of Revenue (NBR) data, LPG imports rose from 12.23 lakh tonnes in 2023 to 14.42 lakh tonnes in 2024, and 14.47 lakh tonnes in 2025.

in the ?rst two months of 2026, up to February 24, some 13 companies imported 2.13 lakh tonnes, signaling a strong start to the year.

PTTEP Commits to First Green?eld Oil Development O?shore Malaysia

For the 2025 ?nancial performance, PTTEP reported a total revenue of THB 294,849 million (US$8,970 million).

thailand’s PTTEP has taken FID on its ?rst green?eld development offshore Malaysia, the SK405B project.

the development in the SK405B production sharing contract offshore Sarawak covers the Chenda and Sirung oil ?elds, to be produced via a new central processing platform and a wellhead platform. Facilities will be engineered for zero routine ?aring and remotely operated offshore operations. First oil should follow in 2028 with a combined production capacity from the ?elds of about 15,000 bbl/d. PTTEP Sarawak Oil is the operator, in partnership with PETRONAS Carigali and Mitsui Energy Development Co.

BlackRock Investor-Led Consortium Buying AES in $10.7b Cash Deal

The transaction is the latest big announcement in a hot market for US power and utilities mergers and acquisitions, as companies jostle for position in anticipation of AI-driven demand spike.

aES Corporation is being sold for $10.7 billion cash in a deal that will potentially see the world’s largest commercial and industrial clean energy supplier enter private ownership. Blackrock-owned Global Infrastructure Partners leads the consortium that is acquiring AES’s global business, which includes US electric utilities in Indiana and Ohio, plus a major global renewable generation portfolio.

the transaction comes as forecast electricity demand in the United States swells, driven by an expected ramping up of data center deployment. Analysts at Deloitte have forecast US data center demand will require 176 GW of power by 2035 and merger and acquisition activity in the power and utilities sectors appears to be heating up as a result.

Canada Drops 9 Units, US Rig Count Ticks Up

The rig count in Canada is down 9 units to 205 working for the week Mar. 5, according to Baker Hughes data.

the weekly total is down 29 units from the 234 rigs working this time a year ago. The decline is attributable mostly to oil-directed rigs, which decreased by 6 to reach a count of 129. Gasdirected rigs in Canada fell by 4 to 65 units working.

in the US, a 1-rig increase brought the rig count to 551 for the week.

the count is down 41 units from the 592 rigs running in the US this time last year.

uS oil-directed rigs increased by 4 units to 411.

that total is down 75 units from this time in 2025. Gas-directed rigs decreased by 2 units to 132. A year ago, 101 units were drilling for gas in the US.

the number of rigs drilling on land in the US was up 1 unit to 532, which is 44 fewer than this time last year. Horizontal rigs increased by 2 units to 485. Vertical rigs were up 1 to 13.

the number of rigs drilling directionally was down 5 at 50.

unclassi?ed rigs were down 1 to 8.

Bangladesh Must Expand Solar, Wind Power To Secure Energy Future

Since 2010, Bangladesh has signi?cantly expanded electricity generation by establishing numerous power plants under short-, medium-, and long-term plans based on a conventional fossil fuel mix. However, exploration of domestic fossil fuel resources did not continue in line with the country’s growing energy demand.

to meet rising electricity demand, Bangladesh began setting up power plants dependent on imported coal, LNG, and liquid fuels.

as of January 2026, Bangladesh’s installed capacity reached 28,919 MW.

the fuel mix is presented as below: FUEL SOURCE CAPACITY (MW) PERCENTAGE Natural Gas 12,472 MW 43.13% Coal 6,273 MW 21.69% Furnace Oil 5,641 MW 19.51% Import 2,696 MW 9.32% Renewables 839 MW 2.90% Others (Diesel/Hydro) 998 MW 3.46% Available data show that gas-based generation capacity stands at 12,472 MW out of a total installed capacity of 28,919 MW. However, due to limited gas supply, the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) can generate only around 5,000 MW from gas-based plants.

this means nearly 7,000 MW of gas-?red capacity remains idle because of gas shortages.

as domestic fuel supply declined, dependence on imported fossil fuels increased signi?cantly.

imported fuels such as coal, LNG, and liquid fuels are costly, volatile, and subject to international market ?uctuations.

as a result, uninterrupted electricity supply cannot be fully guaranteed, even though Bangladesh has developed generation capacity far exceeding current demand.

in 2025, for example, electricity generation reached 16,794 MW to meet the demand of around 17,000 MW.

a large share of the country’s power generation capacity relies on imported primary energy. BPDB can operate only its 525 MW Barapukuria plant using domestic coal.

all other coal-based power plants depend on imported coal. Similarly, around 30 percent of natural gas now comes from imported LNG, while about 90 percent of furnace oil is imported. Consequently, electricity generation costs depend heavily on international fuel prices, which are both high and volatile.

according to recent BPDB statistics, the per-unit fuel cost of electricity generation varies widely depending on thfuel source. Gas-based power plants generate electricity at around Tk 3.86 per unit, while coal-based plants have a fuel cost of approximately Tk 7.23 per unit.

in contrast, furnace oil-based plants have a much higher fuel cost of around Tk 19.11 per unit.

these costs ?uctuate with international market conditions.

the average electricity generation cost during FY 2024-25 was about Tk 11.83 per unit. Heavy dependence on imported LNG, liquid fuel, and coal cannot ensure longterm energy security or stability in the power sector.

this vulnerability became evident during the Russia-Ukraine war, when global fuel markets were severely disrupted. Similarly, ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, including con?icts involving Iran, Israel, and the United States, have created additional uncertainty in LNG and liquid fuel supplies.

to ensure sustainable and affordable electricity for the country, Bangladesh must gradually reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels and expand renewable energy. Currently, only about 839 MW of renewable power capacity is connected to the national grid.

of this, just 60 MW comes from an onshore wind farm in Cox’s Bazar, which is clearly insuf?cient. Several initiatives have been taken to expand renewable energy.

the National Renewable Energy Policy 2025 has set ambitious targets: meeting 20 percent of the country’s electricity demand from renewable sources by 2030 and 30 percent by 2040.

achieving these targets will require adding approximately 3,000 MW of renewable capacity by 2030 and about 4,100 MW by 2040.

at present, most efforts focus on developing solar power plants to achieve renewable energy targets. However, solar alone cannot meet the country’s renewable energy requirements for several reasons: ? Limited availability of land for large solar installations. ? Solar plants generate power only during daylight hours, with peak output lasting only two to three hours. ? The plant factor is relatively low, typically between 18 and 20 percent. ? Additional generation capacity or battery storage is required to meet evening peak demand. ? Solar power supported by Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) for evening supply can cost more than Tk 20 per unit, which is very high. ? After a certain level of solar penetration, low-cost base-load plants may have to reduce output, potentially increasing overall generation costs. Given these limitations, Bangladesh should not rely solely on solar power to meet renewable energy goals.

instead, greater attention should be given to wind energy, the country’s second major renewable resource. Bangladesh has moderate average wind speeds of around 5.5 meters per second in coastal regions, with higher wind speeds in offshore areas.

in regions with strong wind resources, the cost of wind power generation typically ranges from 4 to 6 cents per unit. However, because Bangladesh’s wind speeds are moderate, generation costs are somewhat higher. Bazar has a tariff of about 12 cents per unit and a plant factor of roughly 22 percent-higher than that of most solar projects.

encouragingly, advances in wind turbine technology are making wind power more viable in areas with low to moderate wind speeds. Key technological improvements include: ? Reduced cut-in wind speeds-from about 3.5 m/s to below 3 m/s. ? Manufacturing of larger-capacity wind turbines, some exceeding 10 MW.

these innovations increase plant ef?ciency and reduce generation costs. In the near future, wind power costs could fall to around 8-10 cents per unit and potentially decline further as technology advances. Why Wind Power Is Essential Alongside Solar Wind energy offers several advantages when developed alongside solar power: ? With recent technological advances, wind power tariffs can become economically viable. ? Unlike solar, wind can generate electricity throughout both day and night without battery storage. ? Evening electricity generation from solar requires expensive battery storage, costing around Tk 20 per unit, whereas wind power costs remain stable at around Tk 12 per unit. ? Wind power generation often increases at night, which complements solar generation patterns. ? Diversifying renewable energy sources strengthens the overall energy mix. Bangladesh has a long coastline where average wind speeds range between 5.5 and 7.0 meters per second, while offshore wind speeds are even higher. Identifying the most suitable areas for wind farms is therefore essential.

the Way Forward Developing wind energy is a long-term process.

unlike solar projects, wind farms require extensive site-speci?c wind data before construction begins. Therefore, the following steps should be initiated immediately: ? Conduct extensive wind resource assessments using met masts or LiDAR technology across onshore, nearshore, and offshore coastal areas. ? Carry out feasibility studies in potential locations. ? Identify and select viable sites for wind farm development. ? Begin phased implementation of wind power projects.

to ensure long-term energy security in the power sector, Bangladesh must develop wind farms in onshore, nearshore, and offshore areas alongside solar power plants. However, wind power development requires at least two to three years of wind data collection.

including feasibility studies, planning, and construction, a typical wind power project may take around ?ve years to complete.

therefore, if Bangladesh aims to meet its renewable energy targets, comprehensive wind resource studies must begin immediately. Diversifying the country’s renewable energy portfolio is essential to building a secure, affordable, and sustainable power sector.