Speed vs. due process: First key battle in Duterte ICC trial

JUDGES of the International Criminal Court (ICC) are being asked to allow some witness statements in the case against former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to be admitted without full courtroom testimony, a move prosecutors say would speed up the proceedings.

Duterte’s lawyers oppose the request for key witnesses, arguing that the former president must be allowed to challenge evidence that directly implicates him.

The dispute highlights a key question facing the court as it prepares for trial in The Hague: how to keep proceedings moving while protecting Duterte’s right to cross-examine witnesses.

At the center of the debate is Rule 68 of the ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence, which allows judges under certain circumstances to admit previously recorded testimony.

Prosecutors are invoking Rule 68(2)(b), which permits written statements on matters that do not directly concern the accused’s alleged conduct, and Rule 68(3), which allows written testimony while preserving the opportunity for questioning in court.

The Office of the Prosecutor is seeking to admit several witness statements in writing, arguing that they provide background on the alleged anti-drug campaign rather than direct evidence of Duterte’s actions.

‘The Prior Recorded Testimonies…do not concern the acts and conduct of the Accused,’ prosecutors said in a filing. Instead, they deal with the broader context of the alleged crimes and policies behind them.

Acting Prosecutor Mame Mandiaye Niang argued that admitting the statements would ‘enhance the expeditiousness of the proceedings, obviate the unnecessary appearance of the witnesses, save valuable court time and resources, and serve the interests of justice.’

For other witnesses, prosecutors have proposed a compromise under Rule 68(3): their written statements would be admitted into evidence, but they would still appear in court for limited questioning and cross-examination.

Prosecutors said this approach is ‘not prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the Accused’ because the witnesses would remain available for questioning by both the defense and the judges.

Duterte’s defense team, led by Peter Haynes KC, agrees that the proceedings should be efficient, citing the former president’s age and health condition.

‘The Defence supports the use of Rule 68[2][b] to expedite the trial, particularly in light of Mr Duterte’s age and frailty,’ Haynes said. ‘However, procedural efficiency must not come at the expense of his fundamental right to defend himself effectively.’

The defense has raised no objection to some witnesses whose testimony is limited to background information. However, it opposes admitting the statements of two witnesses without live testimony.

According to defense filings, one witness allegedly links killings to a system of rewards and quotas, while another is a key witness in one of the charged murder incidents.

‘Defense cross-examination is required to test the witness’s credibility and ability to provide relevant evidence capable of assisting the Chamber in establishing the truth,’ Haynes wrote, arguing that the allegations should be tested in open court.

The defense also described another witness as ‘a key witness’ who provides information ‘that no other witness identified by the Prosecution is in a position to supply,’ and argued that admitting the testimony without cross-examination ‘would compromise the rights of the accused.’

Representing 539 participating victims, the Common Legal Representatives of Victims supported the prosecution’s request, saying written testimony could help protect witnesses from re-traumatization and reduce the burden of repeated court appearances.

‘Their participation gives human meaning to the crimes before the Court,’ the victims’ lawyers said. ‘These proceedings concern not only the determination of individual criminal responsibility, but also the victims whose lives have been irrevocably affected by the crimes alleged before the Court.’

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The victims’ representatives also argued that the proceedings offer families an opportunity to establish the truth and seek accountability.

‘For the victims, the proceedings before this Court constitute a rare and indispensable source of hope,’ they said, expressing hope that the truth would be established and the suffering of victims acknowledged.

The filings provide an early indication of how both sides intend to present their case. Prosecutors are seeking to establish the broader context and alleged policies behind the killings, while the defense is focused on challenging evidence that directly links Duterte to the crimes charged.

Trial Chamber III, composed of Judges Joanna Korner, Keebong Paek and Nicolas Guillou, is expected to rule on the contested witness statements before trial proceedings start on November 30.

The ruling will not determine Duterte’s guilt or innocence, but it will shape how evidence will be presented in one of the ICC’s most closely watched cases involving a former head of state.

2027: City Boy Movement woos Christian leaders in Bauchi, Gombe for Tinubu

The Directorate of Christian Religious Affairs of the City Boy Movement has intensified efforts to mobilise grassroots support for President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s re-election in 2027, engaging Christian leaders in Bauchi and Gombe states.

The engagement, led by the directorate’s head, Hon. Belusochukwu Enwere, brought together leaders of various Christian denominations, youths, women and representatives of the Christian communities to discuss political mobilisation and peaceful participation in the forthcoming general elections.

The meeting was aimed at strengthening the movement’s relationship with Christian communities while creating awareness about the policies and programmes of the Tinubu administration.

Speaking during the engagement, Enwere emphasised the importance of involving religious leaders in grassroots political mobilisation, noting that their influence could help shape public opinion and encourage greater civic participation.

‘Religious leaders have an important role to play in educating their followers about the political process and encouraging them to participate actively in deciding the future of our country,’ he said.

He urged the Christian leaders to take the message of the administration’s programmes to their respective churches and communities, stressing that sustained grassroots engagement was necessary to build awareness and support ahead of the 2027 elections.

Enwere also called for peaceful political participation, urging supporters of the President to pursue their mobilisation efforts through dialogue and persuasion rather than confrontation.

‘Our objective is to encourage responsible political participation and ensure that the mobilisation for the 2027 elections is conducted peacefully. We must promote our message without violence, intimidation or anything capable of disrupting the peace of our communities,’ he said.

The directorate encouraged participants to sensitise eligible voters on the importance of exercising their democratic rights and making informed choices at the ballot box.

The organisers maintained that political campaigns should focus on policies, programmes and issues affecting citizens, while urging religious leaders to promote tolerance and peaceful coexistence despite political differences.

The engagement also sought to strengthen collaboration between the City Boy Movement and faith-based communities in Bauchi and Gombe, with the organisers expressing optimism that sustained consultations would expand the movement’s grassroots presence.

They noted that engaging Christian leaders, women and youths would provide an opportunity to communicate the administration’s agenda to more communities and encourage greater participation in the electoral process.

The initiative forms part of the City Boy Movement’s broader strategy to mobilise support for Tinubu’s second-term bid across different regions and social groups ahead of the 2027 general elections.

As political activities gradually gather momentum, political parties and support groups have intensified consultations with community stakeholders in a bid to consolidate their bases and persuade voters.

The directorate reiterated its commitment to peaceful political engagement, urging Christian communities in Bauchi and Gombe states to promote national unity, tolerance and non-violent participation as the country prepares for the next general elections.

ECOWAS deploys pre-election fact-finding mission to Nigeria ahead polls

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has deployed a high-level Pre-Election Fact-Finding Mission to Nigeria from 26 to 30 October 2026 ahead of the country’s 2027 general elections.

The Mission was deployed under Article 13 of the Supplementary Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance, Article 53(c) of the ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework, and the Authority of Heads of State’s decision to send pre-election fact-finding missions to Member States holding elections.

The Mission is led by the former Vice-President of Sierra Leone, H.E. Victor Bockarie FOH.

Other members of the Mission are Madam Francess Piagie ALGHALI, ECOWAS Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security; H.E. Julius Fofanah SANDY, High Commissioner of Sierra Leone to Nigeria and Permanent Representative of Sierra Leone to ECOWAS, representing the ECOWAS Permanent Representatives’ Committee (PRC); Mr Serigne Mamadou KA, Head of the Electoral Assistance Division at the ECOWAS Commission; Mr Ebenezer ASIEDU, Head of Democracy and Good Governance; Dr James Aji, Head of the UNOWAS Liaison Cell to ECOWAS; electoral experts from Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire; ECOWAS staff from the Directorates of Communication; Political Affairs, Peace and Security; ECOWAS Network of Electoral Commissions (ECONEC;) Early Warning; and an Assistant to the Head of Mission.

The objectives of the Mission are to assess Nigeria’s level of preparedness for the effective conduct of the forthcoming general elections; meet with leaders of political parties and coalitions, the government; the Electoral Management Body (EMB), civil society and all other stakeholders in the electoral process; gather all legal texts that govern the 2027 electoral process in Nigeria; collect all pertinent information on the conditions under which the elections shall be held; as well as information relating to the opposition candidates; gather any information necessary for assessing the political atmosphere in the build-up to the elections.

During its five-day Mission, the delegation is expected to engage political party and coalition leaders, government institutions, Nigeria’s electoral management body, civil society organisations and other relevant stakeholders and collect relevant information relating to the contending candidates, as part of its overall assessment of the electoral environment.

These consultations are intended to provide a clearer understanding of the opportunities, challenges and institutional requirements associated with the forthcoming elections.

Briefs

PHL, EU explore financing deal

THE Philippines and the European Union (EU) are exploring a financing arrangement combining EU grants and guarantees to reduce upfront investment risks and support new projects in the country, according to the Department of Finance. In a statement last Thursday, the DOF said the proposed financing would cover new investments in green transition, circular economy, environmental protection and development in Mindanao. The DOF, however, did not disclose the amount of funding being considered or identify specific projects that would receive support. The European Investment Bank, other European Development Finance Institutions and the EU private sector, as well as the possible cooperation with multilateral development banks, particularly the Asian Development Bank, ‘will be critical in supporting the investment agenda.’ Reine Juvierre S. Alberto

Metrobank gets TAB award

THE Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. (Metrobank) announced it was recognized by the Singapore-domiciled TAB Global Pte. Ltd. as the ‘Philippines’s Strongest Bank’ for the sixth straight year. ‘Our strength comes from the trust our customers place in us and the dedication of our Metrobankers, who remain committed to delivering financial solutions that help our clients succeed in different market conditions. This recognition reflects how we continue to grow stronger together with our clients, communities, and partners through every challenge and opportunity,’ Metrobank President Fabian S. Dee was quoted in a statement as saying.

RCBC is best SSS partner again

THE Rizal Commercial Banking Corp. (RCBC) announced recently that it was recognized by the Social Security System (SSS) as ‘Best Digital Disbursement Partner’ for the fourth consecutive year. Through RCBC and its digital banking platform ‘DiskarTech,’ SSS members receive benefit payments and access digital financial services alongside their SSS transactions, read the lender’s statement. After the launch of the partnership last year, the partnership between the SSS and RCBC ‘expanded further this year with the rollout of MySSS Card-enabled contactless payments at LRT-2, allowing cardholders to use the card for train fares. The entities also introduced ‘SSS LoanLite,’ allowing SSS members to apply digitally for short-term loans.

AFC to raise Rs. 1 b via Sri Lanka’s first Orange Bond

Alliance Finance Company PLC (AFC) yesterday said its Board of Directors had approved raising up to Rs. 1 billion through an Orange Bond issue, set to be the first Orange Bond listed in Sri Lanka.

The Board resolved on 27 October, 2026 to issue up to 10 million listed, rated, unsecured, redeemable three-year Bonds at a par value of Rs. 100 each, the company said. The pricing of the Bonds will be announced later.

Proceeds are intended for eligible social project categories, including MSME Value Chain Financing, MSME Climate Financing and Micro Finance directed towards women-led enterprises and female beneficiaries. The issue is subject to regulatory clearances. MSMEs are micro, small and medium enterprises.

Alliance Finance Managing Director Romani de Silva, speaking on a panel at the Orange Economy Summit 2026 in Colombo, convened by IIX with the Lanka Impact Investing Network (LIIN) and the CSE, said women accounted for around 35% of the company’s lending portfolio, a level it was not happy with. ‘Our intention is to get it to 50% as soon as possible. Hence the interest in issuing an Orange Bond,’ he said.

De Silva said Alliance Finance mobilises about 82% of its funding from the Western Province, the country’s richest, and disburses about 72% to marginalised provinces. The North and East account for 14% of its portfolio.

The company lends mainly at market rates, while trying to keep the differential as low as possible. De Silva said funding from overseas had allowed it to unlock European Commission funds under the (European Fund for Sustainable Development Plus) initiative. These funds cover hedging costs and currency risk, cutting lending rates by 200 to 300 basis points, or 2 to 3 percentage points.

Founded in 1956, Alliance Finance became Sri Lanka’s first triple bottom line financial institution in 2012, measuring its performance on social and environmental outcomes alongside profit, De Silva said. He said the company had issued Sri Lanka’s first social Bond about a year ago. Orange Bonds were stronger, he said, in defining measurable outcomes for gender equality under the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 5.

De Silva said the company put impact first and profit after. ‘When you create immense value, it usually transforms into financial value as well. But you can’t do it the other way around,’ he said. He added that Alliance Finance had recorded the highest stock price growth in its sector over the last five years, with a return of 521%. This was not by design, but an outcome of placing communities first,’ he said.

The state is actively engaged in collective effort to establish fate of all missing persons, FM Kombos says

Foreign Minister, Constantinos Kombos, said on Thursday that the state remained actively engaged in the collective effort to establish the fate of all missing persons, following a meeting with relatives of missing persons from Cyprus and Greece.

In a post on X, Kombos said he had met earlier in the day with representatives of the Pancyprian Organisation of Relatives of Missing Persons and the Panhellenic Committee of Parents and Relatives of Undeclared Prisoners and Missing Persons of the Cyprus Tragedy, in the presence of Presidential Commissioner Marios Hartsiotis.

The Missing Persons Day, marked on October 29, ‘serves as a tragic reminder of the need to effectively address the humanitarian issue of missing persons, which has weighed on their families for more than five decades’, he said.

‘On the part of the state, we remain actively engaged in the collective effort to establish the fate of all our missing persons,’ Kombos stressed.

5 things to check before buying honey

Buying pure honey in a typical local market can feel like taking a gamble. When you walk into a market, almost every seller swears their honey came straight from the forest. But once you get home, you often realize you bought boiled sugar syrup mixed with brown dye.

?Fake honey is everywhere nowadays because adulterators mix real honey with cheap corn syrup, rice syrup, or sugar water to double their profits. Spending hard-earned money on fake honey is frustrating, especially when you need it for health, tea, or cooking.

?According to agricultural reports from the Agriculture Institute, pure honey has a low natural moisture content and high density, which causes it to behave differently from water-based sugar mixtures. Knowing how pure honey reacts can save you from buying adulterated sugar mixtures.

In this article, Tribune Online examines five direct, practical things you must check at the market before paying for that bottle of honey.

Check how thick and flowy the honey feels

?The first thing you should inspect at the seller’s stall is the honey’s thickness and how it flows when poured. Real honey is naturally dense and moves slowly when you tilt the bottle or drop a spoonful.

?When you ask the seller to pour a little drop on a spoon or saucer, watch how it falls. Authentic honey will pour continuously in a thick thread without breaking quickly, forming a small pile at the bottom before flattening out. If the liquid splashes like water or spreads out immediately, it contains added water or thin sugar syrup.

Perform a quick water drop test

?You can easily carry out the famous water test right at the market stall using a small cup of plain water. This test works because original honey does not mix with cold or room-temperature water easily due to its heavy molecular structure.

?Ask the seller to drop a single teaspoon of honey into a clear glass or cup of water without stirring it. Pure honey will drop straight to the bottom of the glass as a solid lump and stay intact. Adulterated honey or sugar syrup will start melting instantly, leaving cloudy trails in the water as it dissolves on its way down.

Try the thumb or paper towel test

?Another quick physical test you can perform on the spot is testing a small drop on your thumb or a piece of paper. Pure honey stays together because of high surface tension and low moisture content.

?Put a tiny drop of honey on your thumb nail. Original honey will sit in a neat lump and remain intact without running down your finger. If the drop spreads out immediately or drips down your hand like water, it is diluted. Similarly, if you drop pure honey on a paper napkin, it will sit on top without soaking through quickly, whereas fake honey will leave a wet water ring on the paper.

Smell the floral aroma and check the taste

?Never pay for honey without smelling and tasting a small sample first. Authentic honey is produced by bees from flower nectar, so it carries a distinct natural scent.

?When you open the bottle, pure honey should give off a mild floral, woody, or herbal aroma depending on the vegetation where the bees collected nectar. Fake honey usually smells like plain sugar syrup or has no scent at all. When you taste real honey, it gives a complex sweetness followed by a slight scratch or tickle at the back of your throat, whereas fake honey just tastes like flat sugar water.

?Watch out for natural foam, pollen, or crystalisation

?Many market buyers mistakenly assume that clear, spotless honey is the best quality, but the exact opposite is often true. Unprocessed, raw honey usually contains minor natural imperfections that show it came directly from a beehive.

?Look closely at the bottle for small specks of pollen, tiny air bubbles, or faint foam near the top neck. If you notice that the honey has turned thick, cloudy, or sugary at the bottom of the bottle during cold weather, do not panic. This process is called crystallisation, and expert bee farmers confirm it is a natural sign of raw, unheated honey. Honey that remains completely crystal clear for years without solidifying has likely been heavily processed or mixed with artificial syrup.

Gamesummit’ and ‘OMNI AI Summit’ convened more than 4,000 visitors

The international technology summits ‘Gamesummit’ and ‘OMNI AI Summit’ convened representatives of global technology companies, industry experts and entrepreneurs in Baku. As the exclusive partner of both events, Azercell showcased its newly launched gaming services at a dedicated stand, highlighting its growing portfolio of digital offerings.

The events attracted more than 4,000 visitors and featured over 30 companies, including Google, Xsolla, Microsoft/Xbox, BytePlus and Wonderful AI. Participants discussed the future of the gaming industry, emerging technology trends and the use of artificial intelligence in business.

Speaking at the opening of the summits, Sona Abbasova, Director of Corporate Communications at Azercell, highlighted the role of gaming services and artificial intelligence in the company’s digital development strategy: ‘Today, we are broadening our offering beyond traditional telecommunications services to bring our customers innovative digital solutions and new possibilities. Artificial intelligence and gaming services are important areas of our strategy. Our goal is to enhance the customer experience and contribute to the development of Azerbaijan’s digital ecosystem.’

Nargiz Taghizade, Head of Digital Value-Added Services and Partnerships at Azercell, joined representatives of Xsolla, Burson, Recontact Games and Meridian Play for a panel discussion titled ‘From Illusion to Reality: Global Expansion and Sustainable Growth Strategies for Game Studios.’ The discussion explored how gaming studios can enter new markets and grow internationally, as well as the role of local partners in the gaming ecosystem. N. Taghizade spoke about how Azercell can support game developers and independent studios looking to enter the Azerbaijani market. She also highlighted the importance of adapting games to the local language, culture and user expectations.

Ms. Taghizade also spoke about Azercell’s gaming services, introduced in 2026. These include the Gaming Portal in the Azercell app and the option to top up Steam accounts using a mobile balance. Azercell is the first and only mobile operator in Azerbaijan to offer Steam top-ups directly from a mobile balance.

It is worth mentioning that the Starnest Academy AI Hackathon was also held as part of the OMNI AI Summit, bringing together more than 500 participants across 250 teams. Participants developed AI-powered products and solutions, putting their skills into practice and exploring new ideas.

Nigeria losing 300 hectares of forest daily -NPS

Nigeria is losing about 300 hectares of forest daily, while more than 4,000 illegal miners have been displaced from Gashaka-Gumti National Park following security operations, the National Park Service (NPS) has disclosed.

The Conservator-General of the service, Ibrahim Goni, raised the concerns in Abuja while receiving members of the Environmental Media Correspondents Association of Nigeria (EMCAN), warning that deforestation, illegal mining, logging, wildlife trafficking and insecurity were threatening conservation efforts across the country.

Goni said the continued destruction of forests could worsen desertification and accelerate environmental degradation, stressing the need for urgent and sustained intervention to protect the country’s forest resources.

He disclosed that the NPS, in collaboration with the Nigerian Army, had shut down two illegal mining sites in Gashaka-Gumti National Park, which straddles Taraba and Adamawa states.

According to him, the operation led to the closure of extensive mining pits and the displacement of more than 4,000 illegal miners from the protected area.

However, the Conservator-General said security operations alone would not permanently address illegal mining, noting that affected communities needed alternative sources of livelihood to reduce their dependence on activities that damage protected areas.

He also expressed concern over illegal mining in Oyo State, saying the service was working with the Ministry of Solid Minerals to tackle the problem.

In Rivers State, Goni disclosed that about 17 miners had been arrested as part of ongoing enforcement efforts.

He explained that illegal activities in forests around national parks often complicated security operations, as individuals driven out of protected areas could relocate to neighbouring forests and continue their activities.

Goni, therefore, called for sustained collaboration among security agencies and relevant government institutions to ensure effective protection of forests and national parks.

He commended the Nigerian Armed Forces and other security operatives for their contributions to safeguarding vulnerable conservation areas.

On wildlife trafficking, the NPS chief said Nigeria was frequently implicated in international smuggling networks because traffickers used the country as a transit route for wildlife specimens destined for overseas markets.

He said wildlife products were transported from neighbouring countries, including Chad, Niger and Cameroon, through Nigeria before being shipped to other destinations, particularly through the country’s seaports.

To strengthen enforcement, Goni disclosed that the Nigeria Customs Service, NPS, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and the Nigeria Police Force had established an inter-agency committee to combat wildlife trafficking.

He said the committee had conducted raids that resulted in the seizure of live animals, carcasses and other wildlife specimens.

The Conservator-General urged environmental journalists to work closely with law enforcement agencies to expose trafficking networks, raise public awareness and promote accountability in wildlife conservation.

Goni also highlighted the expansion of Nigeria’s national park system as part of efforts to restore degraded vegetation, conserve wildlife and strengthen the country’s response to climate change.

He said Nigeria now had 17 national parks, although only 13 were operational, compared with seven before the establishment of 10 additional parks under former President Muhammadu Buhari.

According to him, the expansion was aimed at encouraging vegetation regeneration in areas previously designated as forest or game reserves while advancing the country’s environmental and climate objectives.

He called on journalists to give greater attention to environmental challenges, including deforestation, illegal hunting, pollution, flooding and erosion, noting that consistent reporting could stimulate public engagement and prompt government action.

The NPS chief further disclosed that the Federal Ministry of Environment had deployed flood-warning equipment in some parts of the country to alert communities to impending floods and enable residents of vulnerable areas to move to safer locations.

He also urged journalists to educate the public on Ebola prevention and the links between wildlife and the transmission of certain infectious diseases.

Goni pledged that the service would support professional training and conference participation for environmental correspondents, subject to available budgetary provisions.

Big infrastructure push ahead for Mindanao

DAVAO CITY-Major infrastructure upgrades are gathering steam across Mindanao, with two key airports and a revived island-wide railway system among a fresh wave of projects being prepared for public-private partnership (PPP) backing.

Speaking on the sidelines of the Mindanao Development Forum at Dusit Thani Davao, Public-Private Partnership Center Undersecretary Rizza Blanco-Latorre revealed that 70 PPP projects across the island are currently moving through various stages of development-with 30 already in active implementation.

Nationwide, the agency handles a total portfolio of 600 projects.

Among the high-profile entries on the table are airport expansions for:

Laguindingan Airport (Misamis Oriental)-Northern Mindanao’s primary international gateway.

Sayak Airport (Siargao Island)-The bustling surf capital’s Class-2 hub, currently limited to smaller propeller aircraft.

Railway, clean power

THE push goes beyond aviation. Latorre confirmed that the long-delayed Mindanao Railway-once a centerpiece infrastructure goal under former President Rodrigo Duterte-has been officially referred back to the PPP Center to be restudied for potential private sector investment.

Also undergoing evaluation is the long-overdue overhaul of the Agus-Pulangui Hydroelectric Power Plants. Stretching across Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, and Bukidnon, the complex was historically the island’s primary power source.

Deputy Executive Director Romeo Montenegro of the Mindanao Development Authority (MinDA) said clean power remains top priority as Mindanao is targeting an added 1,000 megawatts by 2030, aiming for renewables to hit 50 percent of its total energy mix.

Peace, investment fueling ambition

LOCAL leaders are showing unprecedented interest in big-ticket development, spurred by streamlined regulations under the new PPP Code, fast-tracked ‘green lane’ approvals, and dramatically improved regional peace and security.

MinDA Chairman Leo Tereso Magno highlighted the historic turnout at this year’s forum-attracting 520 local government delegates-as proof of growing local initiative.

‘The audacity of local governments to propose big projects is directly linked to the improved peace situation and rising investment across Mindanao,’ Magno noted.

He singled out the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) as a prime success story-after logging P4 billion in investments in 2023 and P5 billion in 2024, BARMM blew past its annual targets in just the first six months of 2026, pulling in P5.1 billion in registered investments.

The economic turnaround has yielded tangible results: poverty incidence in the autonomous region dropped sharply from 23 percent in 2023 down to 18 percent last year.