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Oba Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja, Olubadan of Ibadanland, has promised to promote justice and fairness in his reign as he is no longer a politician.

Olubadan, who was a former governor of Oyo State, made the promise while receiving some eminent Nigerians, who paid homage to his palace recently.

They include: Abubakar Atiku, former vice president in company of Nasir El-Rufai, former governor of Kaduna State, Liyel Imoke, former governor of Cross River, Iyorcha Ayu, former senate president, among others.

Oba Ladoja, who was installed as the 44th Olubadan of Ibadanland recently, welcomed the delegation and assured that he would use his reign and the rest of his life to serve Ibadan people, Oyo State, Yorubaland and Nigeria at large. ‘I promise to make everybody proud of me as the Olubadan of the ancient city, by ensuring fairness and justice for all,’ he said.

Recalling his good old times with Atiku and other politicians in the country, he said that as the Olubadan, he is no longer a politician.

The former governor recalled, ‘We started from SDP, we were in exile together, we were in PDP together. When I wanted to create an identity, I went to the Accord Party, which became a household name here. I know you politicians have a way of coming back. ‘I was an active politician before but with my new status now, I have to quit politics, but am a father to all now’.

However, Atiku congratulated the monarch and said that the delegation regretted not attending his coronation.

‘It was not intentional, protocol arrangements did not allow us to come during the coronation, not that we don’t want to come,’ Atiku said.

He pointed out that Oba Ladoja had played a crucial role in nation-building saying, ‘We are here to say congratulations to the new Olubadan of Ibadanland, Oba Ladoja, we know your roles and relationship with some of us’.

Meanwhile, the new Olubadan of Ibadanland has unveiled his socio-economic plans for the ancient city by assuring investors of an enabling environment.

While speaking at a thanksgiving service in his honour at the Ascension of Christ Catholic Church, Bodija, Ibadan, he called on both local and foreign investors to come to Ibadan and invest, assuring of a favourable environment. ‘My major assignment as the Olubadan of Ibadanland is the growth of Ibadanland. I implore investors to come and invest in Ibadan as I will collaborate with the government at all levels to ensure that Ibadan and Oyo State at large maintain their pace-setter status,’ the royal father said.

Nigeria has spent billions on strengthening security agencies and tackling insurgency, but weak responses at local levels are threatening to undermine those efforts.

Security agencies have struggled to respond to terrorist attacks on communities as a result of lack of personnel, sabotage and lack of funds.

Sometimes, villages are raided for hours without security intervention. Analysts say the situation is a recent phenomenon not seen in the 1990s and 2000s.

Speaking with BusinessDay in Abuja, peace experts and security analysts say while the federal government has recorded significant gains, weak grassroots structures, elite interference, and compromised local authorities continue to leave dangerous gaps in the country’s security architecture.

As Nigeria marks 65 years of independence, analysts highlighted progress, challenges, and the way forward for sustainable peace.

Sadeeque Abba, professor of Political Economy and Development Studies at the University of Abuja, said Nigeria’s security situation requires urgent collaboration across all tiers of government.

According to him, while the federal government has made significant efforts in tackling insecurity, state and local governments have failed to play their parts effectively.

‘In security terms, the federal government is doing an excellent job, but the state and local governments are not doing anything.

‘That is why Nigeria is not well secured. Federal government cannot secure the entire nation.

‘It is going to be a collaboration, a partnership between the federal, the state and the local government,’ Abba stressed.

The professor noted that local governments, which ought to be the cornerstone of national development and grassroots security, have been weakened by elite interference and state capture.

He argued that Nigeria must adopt a ‘bottom-up’ security model rather than the current ‘top-down’ approach.

‘If you go to some developed countries like Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, or even Norway and Finland, security is not about top-down, it’s about bottom-up.

‘In Africa, countries like Botswana, Seychelles, Lesotho, Madagascar and Algeria have bottom-up security models.

‘But in Nigeria, security is defined from the point of view of state security and elite security, leaving the grassroots unprotected,’ he said.

Abba explained that the disconnect between growing national resources and declining security is one of the contradictions undermining Nigeria’s development.

‘We were far more secure in the 1960s, 70s and 80s than now, even though we have more resources today. The further away from 1960, the less the security, yet the higher the resources. That imbalance is frightening,’ he added.

On her part, Dayo Kusa, former director of the Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution and a member of the Coordinating Committee on the Forum on Farmer-Herder Relations in Nigeria, described Nigeria as being in”turmoil’ but urged continuous transformation of conflicts rather than seeking absolute resolutions.

‘The presidency and all involved are doing their very best, but the infestation has gone so far-rooted.

‘We shall continue to prevent conflict in areas not yet prone and transform existing conflicts.

‘Resolution is almost like peace of the graveyard, which is unattainable. Transformation is more practical and sustainable,’ Kusa explained.

Also speaking, Olusola Odumosu, commandant, Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) in the Federal Capital Territory, said Nigeria should be grateful for the relative peace it enjoys compared to other parts of the world.

‘Except we want to be unfair, Nigeria is enjoying relative peace compared to other countries within Africa and across the globe. Sixty-five years is not an easy journey. We may not be where we ought to be, but we’re not where we used to be,’ he said.

Odumosu highlighted the collective efforts of the security community in sustaining peace, noting that the NSCDC works in close collaboration with the Nigerian Police, Armed Forces, and other paramilitary agencies.

He also pointed to recent security reforms and government policies under the Renewed Hope Agenda, which have strengthened agencies through increased funding, improved welfare, and training.

‘Before now, Nigeria was bedevilled with insurgency, violent extremism, and kidnapping. As we speak today, those challenges have reduced drastically.

‘We may not have completely obliterated them, but they are not as menacing as before,’ he said. On grassroots security, the NSCDC Commandant agreed with experts that community participation remains essential.

‘Peace is everybody’s business. We should not leave peace enforcement and building at the doorstep of security agencies alone. ‘Intelligence-led policing works best, and we rely on credible information from the people.

‘When you see something, say something. Don’t be indifferent, because it might affect someone close to you,’ Odumosu urged.

Checks by BusinessDay Newspapers revealed that Nigeria has in recent years embarked on a series of reforms aimed at strengthening national security, modernising its armed forces and improving the accountability of law enforcement agencies.

The measures, which range from legislative changes to increased funding and procurement of modern equipment, reflect government efforts to address the country’s complex security challenges while balancing concerns about human rights, governance and accountability.

A step in this direction was the signing of the Nigeria Police Act in 2020, which repealed the outdated 2004 law.

The new legislation emphasises accountability, respect for human rights and the need for community policing as a foundation for effective law enforcement.

However, while the Act provided a clear legal framework, observers note that its implementation has been slow, with limited impact so far on police culture, training and public trust.

Alongside domestic reforms, Nigeria has received international support for strengthening police accountability and transformation.

In 2024, the United Nations Development Programme launched the Supporting Police Accountability and Transformation (SPAAT) project, the third phase of a long-running initiative to improve professionalism in the Nigeria Police Force.

The project, which runs until December 2025, is designed to deepen reforms in police leadership, governance and community engagement, complementing government policies on institutional change.

Funding for security has also risen sharply, as defence and security received one of the largest allocations in the 2025 federal budget, with about N4.9 trillion set aside for personnel, operations and capital projects.

This represents around 13 percent of total government spending, according to budget analysis by BudgIT. The allocation continues a trend that began in 2024, when security already commanded one of the highest shares of national expenditure.

The spending has been matched by significant procurement and modernisation moves. In October 2024, the Federal Executive Council (FEC) approved borrowing of over $600 million to acquire M-346 fighter jets, part of a plan to boost the Nigerian Air Force’s capacity for counter-insurgency and border security.

Earlier this year, the United States approved a potential $346 million arms sale to Nigeria, covering rockets and munitions, although the deal is still subject to congressional approval in Washington.

These acquisitions are expected to bolster ongoing military campaigns, including operations against oil theft in the Niger Delta and counter-terrorism missions in the North-East.

Beyond the military front, Nigeria’s leaders are grappling with an increasingly urgent debate over the creation of state police. Advocates argue that devolving policing powers to state governments will bring law enforcement closer to communities and help tackle insecurity more effectively.

Opponents, however, fear the arrangement could be politicised and abused by state governors.

The debate has gained momentum in 2024 and 2025, with public hearings and legislative proposals sparking both support and resistance, but no final decision has been reached.

Despite these reforms and investments, concerns persist about accountability and respect for human rights.

Rights groups point out that abuses linked to security operations remain common, undermining public trust and raising doubts about the effectiveness of reforms.

Analysts also warn that without stronger intelligence-sharing, multi-agency coordination and robust oversight, rising budgets and new equipment may not translate into improved security outcomes.

The government, however, insists that reforms are moving in the right direction, pointing to renewed strategies on counter-insurgency, greater emphasis on community policing, and operational successes against criminal networks as signs of progress.

International partners also continue to express support, highlighting Nigeria’s willingness to tackle long-standing gaps in its security architecture.

Experts caution that the true measure of these reforms will hinge on whether legislative intent, international backing, and security spending can be effectively translated into real improvements in public safety and citizens’ trust.

The balancing act between equipping security forces, respecting human rights, and building public confidence will likely define the next phase of Nigeria’s security sector transformation.

The Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Borno State chapter, has urged both policy makers and Nigerians to take responsibility for the progress of the country rather than blaming leaders.

CAN lamented that although the successive administrations have failed in implementing policies, leaving Nigeria behind in terms of infrastructure and governance.

Bishop John Bogna Bakeni, the State CAN Chairman made the remarks while addressing journalists shortly after the Independence Anniversary Thanksgiving organized by officials of CAN, in Maiduguri.

He noted that the policy of government will determine turnaround of Nigeria’s economic and political situation which depends on the deliberate actions and political wills of the leaders.

According to him, ‘As I said in my message on the pulpit, Nigerians must make the right choices. We must hold our leaders accountable at all levels, but we must also take responsibility.’

He added, ‘I commend what they are doing, but I think we still have a lot to do. Governance is a very complex issue, and leadership in particular so it is not a blame game. But I think where there is a will, there is always a way out. In a state like Borno, this gathering is very significant, especially to the Christian community and the unity of the state, having faced with so much of security challenges,’ Bakeni said.

Delivering his sermon titled ‘We should not lust after evil things as they also lusted,’ drawn from 1 Corinthians 10:6, the Auxiliary Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri said corruption, dishonesty, and social decay begin within individuals and families. He said many of the challenges facing Nigeria, including kidnapping, banditry, corruption, terrorism, and tribalism, arise from moral negligence and the failure of families to instill proper values in their children.

‘We cannot continue to blame the government alone. Parents must monitor their children and instill discipline and honesty in them. Evil thrives when families abandon their moral duties,’ he added.

The unity service, held at St. John’s Anglican Church, Maiduguri, brought together priests, pastors, church leaders, and worshippers from across the metropolis. It was jointly organised by Maiduguri Metropolitan CAN and the Borno State CAN leadership.

Also, Pastor Timothy Olanrewaju, the Maiduguri Metropolis CAN Coordinator, thanked members for attending despite the economic challenges. He said the annual gathering was meant to thank God for His mercy and to pray for peace in Borno and Nigeria.

‘We just came out of a devastating flood, and though it returned this year, God took control. That is why we gathered to praise Him and offer prayers for the land,’ Olanrewaju said.

He also commended the Borno State Government for its response to last year’s flood and its ongoing efforts to return displaced persons to their communities.

George Russell takes pole in Singapore for the first time in his career with a stunning lap in Q3, and is joined on the front row by Max Verstappen.

It was Mercedes’ first pole in Singapore since Hamilton set his famous lap in 2018 and came as a surprise as Russell gatecrashed Norris and Piastri’s fight.

Russell’s first pole since the Canadian Grand Prix in June, which he won, was achieved by 0.182 seconds from Red Bull’s Max Verstappen.

Russell finished second at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix two weeks ago.

McLaren’s championship leader Oscar Piastri took third place, with his title rival and team-mate Lando Norris fifth, behind Mercedes’ Kimi Antonelli.

Ferrari’s Lewis Hamilton and Charles Leclerc took sixth and seventh. Verstappen and Piastri both failed to improve on their final laps – and the Dutchman blamed that on Norris going slowly in front of him in the final sector.

The incident happened on the run to the final corner, where Norris was on the inside coming into the pits as Verstappen sought to complete his lap. Verstappen, who looked angry about the situation in the immediate aftermath of qualifying, said: ‘Without that I think it would have been close for pole.’

Norris shrugged the incident off, saying ‘Ah, they always complain. They complain about everything. It’s Red Bull. I was like three seconds ahead or something.’

Asked whether his brush with the wall on his first lap was a kiss or a hit, Russell said: ‘A bit more of a snog.

‘When you’re on a really strong lap and you just touch the wall like that, you’re a little bit tentative going into the next corner.’

Also, Williams drivers disqualified from Singapore GP qualifying for technical breaches

Williams received some bad news after qualifying for the Singapore Grand Prix, with both Alex Albon and Carlos Sainz being disqualified.

Both Williams cars Alex Albon and Carlos Sainz failed post-qualifying checks on their rear wings.

Albon and Sainz placed 12th and 13th in Saturday night’s session at the Marina Bay Street Circuit but will lose those results after the team failed post-Qualifying checks.

‘The uppermost rear wing element adjustable positions were checked on car numbers 23 (Albon) and 55 (Sainz),’ read a note from FIA F1 Technical Delegate Jo Bauer. ‘Both cars exceeded the maximum limit of 85mm on both sides of the rear wing outer area.’

This violates Article 3.10.10 g. of the Technical Regulations, which covers the Drag Reduction System (DRS) and states that ‘at all points along the span, when the DRS is in the state of deployment, the two sections the rear wing profiles must have a minimum gap of between 9.4mm and 85mm.’

Nyesom Wike, the minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), has announced that the construction of the N2 Transit Way road, linking Wuse Zone 3 to the Central Business District of Abuja, is expected to attract significant investment into the territory.

Wike stated this during the official flag-off ceremony for the project in Abuja.

He described road infrastructure as critical to economic growth and a major factor in attracting both local and international investors.

The minister emphasized the role of road infrastructure as the backbone of any modern city’s economic growth.

He noted that the N2 Transit Way is one of several infrastructure initiatives marking the third-year anniversary of President Bola Tinubu’s administration.

‘Good roads are essential to development. When cities are connected, they become magnets for investment and growth,’ Wike said. ‘The N2 road project shows our commitment to positioning Abuja as a model city with roads, schools, health facilities, and investor-friendly policies.’

Highlighting Abuja’s growing profile among international investors, Wike cited a Dubai-based company’s commitment to replicate the Dubai City Walk project within the FCT, signaling confidence in the territory’s potential.

The N2 corridor, supported by two strategic bridges, began as a citizen-led initiative around the TY Danjuma Foundation before the FCTA expanded its scope to improve connectivity between the Central Business District and Wuse District. The Minister pledged strict supervision of contractors to ensure timely and quality delivery.

In addition to the road project, Wike announced plans to rehabilitate at least 40 additional schools, supplementing 70 ongoing school projects 45 of which have been completed, adding that attention will soon shift toward upgrading healthcare facilities, reflecting the administration’s broad approach to development. ‘Time waits for nobody. We are committed to delivering these projects efficiently,’ Wike said, urging officials to maintain round-the-clock coordination.

The Minister also revealed that project inaugurations will continue through October, with further initiatives aimed at transforming Abuja’s economy and urban landscape set for unveiling in November.

Mariya Mahmoud, FCT minister of state described it as a milestone in improving connectivity, reducing traffic congestion, and facilitating movement within the city center.

She credited the National Assembly for its consistent support and collaboration in ensuring budgetary attention to the FCT, noting, ‘Today, we are seeing the benefits of such partnerships.’

Ahmed Usman Ododo, governor of Kogi State, has disclosed that his administration has released N1.5billion for 2025 bursary allowance for indigenes of the state studying in public tertiary institutions across the country.

Wemi Jones, Commissioner for Education, Science and Technology, announced the exercise at a press briefing in Lokoja on Monday, as he urged the students to take advantage of the improved and transparent registration process, pointing out Governor Ododo’s commitment to making Kogi State a model for educational development in Nigeria.

Jones pointed out that the initiative, tagged Season Two, is designed to build on the successes of the previous phase. ‘Governor Ododo is determined to ensure that more students benefit from this bursary scheme. We expect the number of beneficiaries this year to surpass last year’s figure, and the funds are already set aside for disbursement,’ he said. ‘It is very important that we emphasis the need for a child to take it step by step. A child will first learn to sit, begin to craw and then begin to hold something to stand and begin to take steps one after the other, fall and make mistakes, then the child begins to run.

‘Season 1 was our experimental year and we took significant lessons away. Afolabi Joseph-Raji is hard working and an efficient chairman of the Kofi Scholarship Board, will confirm to you that we have noticed gaps which this season 2 aims to address.

‘On our part, we can only cover the gaps that we can cover, but NAKOSS have the bigger role of ensuring that students of Kogi State in tertiary institutions in Nigeria play their parts because if you do not play your part, there is absolutely nothing that anybody will do for you. Look at the analysis listed, the money was there, it was just for you to take it. We cannot pay money to ghost or people who are not verified.

‘And we have a willing governor who has said when it comes to education, I am not going to spare one kobo towards ensuring that Kofi State becomes a reference point positively among states in Nigeria. We are doing fantastically well as far as Northern Nigeria is concerned. We want to extend our reach beyond Northern Nigeria’.

The Centre for the Promotion of Private Enterprise (CPPE) has called on the Nigerian government to create a comprehensive legal and policy framework to protect investors and employers, warning that the absence of such safeguards is undermining confidence, weakening industrial productivity, and deterring long-term capital inflows.

In its latest policy brief titled ‘Protecting Investors and Employers: A National Policy Imperative,’ the private-sector think tank said Nigeria’s economy cannot thrive if those who take risks, mobilise capital, and create jobs remain exposed to arbitrary regulatory actions, frequent policy reversals, and unrestrained labour union disruptions.

‘Investors, entrepreneurs, and employers are the lifeblood of every modern economy,’ said Muda Yusuf, director and chief executive officer of CPPE. ‘Yet, in Nigeria, their rights and investments remain inadequately protected.’

Yusuf noted that while workers enjoy strong legal protection, there is no equivalent institutional safeguard for employers and investors. This imbalance, he said, has left the real sector-particularly manufacturing-vulnerable to strikes, coercion, and costly disruptions. ‘There is a growing and disturbing incidence of incredibly disproportionate industrial actions that paralyze production and inflict huge financial losses,’ he said. To correct this, CPPE recommended the enactment of an Investor and Employer Protection Act to codify the rights and obligations of regulators, unions, and employers, while prohibiting intimidation, unauthorised shutdowns, and harassment.

The proposed law would also create penalties, restitution mechanisms, and strengthen the Industrial Arbitration Panel for faster dispute resolution.

The group further proposed establishing an ‘Independent Investment Ombudsman’ to handle complaints against government agencies and mediate disputes. It also urged reforms to guarantee regulatory stability, including Investor Impact Assessments before major policy changes, a five-year rolling regulatory roadmap, and clear limits on the powers of agencies to prevent abuse.

Yusuf said labour unions play a legitimate role in defending workers’ rights but insisted their actions must align with the law and national interest. He urged that essential sectors like energy, transport, and health be designated as strategic, with compulsory arbitration mechanisms to prevent economic paralysis.

‘Protecting investors is not about weakening labour,’ Yusuf said. ‘It’s about balancing rights and responsibilities to foster stability, attract capital, and ensure sustainable economic growth.’

He added that implementing these reforms would restore investor confidence, boost productivity, and strengthen Nigeria’s competitiveness in the global economy.

In Alaba Market, a young man negotiating for a Bluetooth speaker will insist that the seller connect it to his phone. He wants to hear the bass, check the volume, and watch the battery charge light come on. Until that moment, his money stays in his pocket.

This everyday ritual of asking for a test or a sample is part of what I call The Trial Habit. It is the Nigerian tendency to reduce uncertainty by experiencing before committing. Whether it is a taste of new seasoning, a trial subscription, or testing a generator’s hum, Nigerians prefer proof.

The Trial Habit is a cultural system shaped by risk, mistrust, and improvisation. In Nigeria, products are frequently counterfeited, promises often fail, and services may disappoint, trial is a consumer shield. By sampling first, buyers transfer some of the risk back to the sellers. Sampling as a Risk Buffer

The Trial Habit thrives because Nigerian consumers operate in a market where uncertainty is high. A blender might burn out in two weeks. A fabric might fade after its first wash. A detergent might not foam. In this context, small trials are risk buffers.

Evidence supports this. Studies show that free trial significantly influenced buying behaviour, not just during purchase but after consumption as well (Orji, Ahungwa and Oyenuga, 2020). Consumers who tried the product were more likely to stay with it because the trial lowered perceived risk and built trust.

In psychology, this connects to the concept of commitment escalation. Once someone has sampled and found satisfaction, they feel an inner push to continue. The small initial act reduces friction for a larger decision.

Sensory Proof in Nigerian Markets

In our open markets, labels and packaging carry little weight compared to sensory proof. Shoppers squeeze tomatoes, sniff fabric, or taste palm oil before buying. The consumers are collecting critical information about the product. Because official standards can be inconsistent, sensory testing becomes a substitute for product quality certification.

Even in electronics, buyers rely on real-time sensory checks. Phones are pressed, laptops are powered on, and sound systems are tested at full blast. Sellers who resist these tests are viewed with suspicion. Trial is not an optional step; it’s a cultural expectation before purchase.

Alternatively, when a trial is overlooked, then two factors must be present: extremely low cost and consent. ‘Low cost’ means that the product is so cheap compared to its street value that customers are willing to take the risk, while ‘consent’ means that customers agreed to ‘no trial’ in acknowledgement of the risk.

Trials in the Digital Age

The Trial Habit has evolved into digital commerce as well. E-commerce platforms like Jumia know Nigerians distrust online photos, so they offer ‘pay on delivery’ or return windows. These mimic trial by allowing consumers to physically inspect before final payment.

Studies have found that marketing communications highlighting trial features such as free samples, money-back guarantees, or ‘try before you pay’ significantly boosted trial purchases (Nile University Repository, 2021). For digital players, trial is a survival strategy. Freemium models work here for the same reason. Nigerians are more willing to pay after they have tasted value. This explains why free tiers in streaming, fintech apps, or loan apps gain traction before conversion. Trial lowers the psychological cost of first adoption.

Social Value of Testing

Trial is also a social signal. Nigerians often share that they ‘tested it first’ when a product turns out well. This provides social credit: it shows they are careful, discerning, and wise. The Trial Habit therefore, carries both personal and communal value.

Even negative trials play a role. When a new restaurant gives out free samples, consumers may share feedback even if the taste disappoints. The act of having tried becomes part of the story. Even in social circles, the phrase ‘I tried it’ carries more weight than ‘I heard about it.’ Implications for Businesses

For businesses operating in Nigeria, the Trial Habit should inform both product design and sales strategy.

Design smaller SKUs: Trial-friendly packs lower entry barriers. Sachetisation in Nigeria is not only about affordability. It is about allowing consumers to test before committing to bigger purchases.

Demonstrations matter: Street vendors who fry and display, electronics shops that run sound tests, beauty companies offering testers are all trying to build trust. Trial moments are trust-building rituals.

Offer risk-reduction guarantees: Money-back options, trial windows, or easy exchange policies play directly into the Trial Habit. They reduce perceived risk and encourage first purchase.

Leverage early adopters: Nigerians place strong weight on peer experience. Brands should empower early testers to share their trial outcomes through word-of-mouth or social media.

Match trial to delivery: A poor trial backfires. If the sample overpromises compared to the main product, consumers will punish the brand with amplified mistrust. Trial must accurately reflect what follows.

Conclusion

The Trial Habit is a rational, culturally reinforced way of navigating uncertainty. Nigerians are not afraid of spending money. They are afraid of regret. Trials, samples, and tests reduce the probability of regret before it happens.

For businesses, give consumers the chance to experience value before they commit. In Nigeria, every sample is an entry ticket to credibility. And credibility, once earned through trial, often becomes loyalty that competitors cannot easily shake.

While they were leaving the shores of Nigeria, the colonial masters left locomotive train as the highest level of rail transport in 1960.

Since then, Nigeria has struggled over the years to improve on the transport system, especially rail transportation.

However, Lagos, Nigeria’s economic and industrial hub has taken the bulls by the horns to tackle the agelong bottlenecks in the transport sector with the roll out of the mass rail transit (MRT).

Lagos is currently home to a significant portion of the nation’s manufacturing sector, employing over 45 percent of Nigeria’s skilled workforce.

The state also serves as the country’s primary gateway, housing its busiest commercial seaports and airports.

The legacy of Lagos as Nigeria’s former capital has placed immense pressure on its already strained infrastructure, coupled with the growing demand for transport and other public services, which resulted in declining efficiency and productivity.

Lagos is currently one of the world’s fastest-growing megacities, with a population of over 22 million and an annual growth rate of about 6 percent.

The rapid urbanisation, coupled with inadequate or poorly executed development plans, has led to significant transportation challenges within the Lagos metropolis.

For many residents, particularly the urban poor, the inadequacies of the transportation system are a major burden.

It is believed that an average household in Lagos spends an estimated 20 percent of their budget on transportation, second only to food expenses, which highlights the urgent need for a more efficient, accessible, and sustainable transport system.

However, recognising the need to improve the transport sector in Lagos State in 1992, a number of studies was conducted to define appropriate solutions.

The Lagos Mass Transit and Transport Systems (LMTS) Management Programme study among other things were undertaken. The study set out to identify actions necessary to address the complex transport situation in Lagos.

The study had as one of its major recommendations, the creation of Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) to coordinate transport policies, programs, and actions of all agencies at different tiers of government.

The 1992 study was followed by the 1996 establishment of a detailed framework for the creation of LAMATA.

LAMATA was envisioned to provide a strategic planning platform to address long-neglected transport needs of the metropolis and coordinate activities of the different executing agencies to provide a common and consistent basis for implementation.

On January 13, 2002, the then governor and current president of Nigeria, signed into law a State Act (LAMATA Law) setting up the agency as a semi-autonomous corporate body with an independent board responsible for the formulation, coordination and implementation of urban transport policies and programmes.

In 2007, the law establishing LAMATA was strengthened to include planning and regulatory functions across the various modes of transport under the amended LAMATA Act 2007, placing LAMATA at the centre of Lagos’ development master plan.

Moses Lawal, a Lagos-based public commentator said the progress recorded by Lagos State in the area of transportation has been quite challenging, interesting, and impressive.

‘In retrospect, an ardent observer cannot but commend the journey from the era of monstrous ‘molue’ buses- with ’44 seating, 99 standing’ standard, bullying its way through craters on the road and snaking through street traders, to the relative comfort and dignity offered by the BRT buses, FMLM buses, and LagRide e-hailing taxis,’ Lawal said.

According to him, the rail sector has been the most impacted by the positive wave of change within the transport system. ‘If not for the inglorious military interregnum between 1983 and 1999, the Lagos Mass Rail Transport System would have not only advanced in coverage areas, but also in quality,’ Lawal said.

According to him, the metro system conceptualised by Lateef Jakande, the then governor of Lagos State, was stopped by the military after the 1983 takeover of government.

‘Nevertheless, the restoration of democracy gave birth to the Lagos State Strategic Transport Master plan by the Bola Tinubu’s 1999-2007 administration,’ Lawal recalled.

According to him, successive administrations in Lagos have been adhering to the masterplan with some adjustments till date.

Nneamaka Nwadei, media executive/creative producer, said Lagos has made transportation easier for commuters especially with the introduction of the rail transport system.

‘Considering that it’s an electric train, the commute time from the mainland to the island has been truncated by over an hour.

‘As someone who does a lot of work between both axis, being able to move easily has helped me save time and money,’ she said.

According to Nwadei, the state government have also improved on the Blue Line by cutting travel time between Mile2 and Marina to 18 minutes.

‘And they have got even better because the rail transport system has only 10-18 minutes between each trip, meaning more people can move between both points more frequently,’ Nwadei said.

Today, Lagos State boasts of the Blue and Red Line Rail Mass Transit metros, with construction of a Green Line scheduled to start before end of the year and the Purple Line also inching towards the construction phase.

While the rail system is ongoing, water transportation is equally fast evolving, with the introduction of electric-powered modern ferries on the inland waterways.

The modern bus terminals, interchanges, BRT lanes and Quality Bus Corridors (QBCs), Intelligent Transport Systems, modern buses, trains, ferries, among others speak to the evolution of public transportation in Lagos State.

‘Saying I am proud of how far and well the journey has been will be an understatement. However, I must equally admit the challenges of slow pace of project executions, need for expansion of fleets/rolling stocks, and complete eradication of the archaic system that coexists with the modern systems,’ Lawal added. Lagos Development Plan 2012-2025

The Lagos State Development Plan (LSDP) is a policy document that came into being by harmonizing all existing high level policy documents operational in the state.

The plan captures past strategic development plans and statements and bring them into a harmonious and coherent whole.

The Lagos today, Lagos tomorrow components of the development plan speak to sustainability of the development plan.

The LSDP presents a baseline picture of the state in its manifold aspects: economic, infrastructure, social services and protection and sustainable environment. It also provides the overall strategic framework and direction for achieving the state’s vision.

The high-level policy document sets out the overarching policies, strategies and targets for the development of Lagos that could be regularly monitored and reviewed for lasting and sustainable growth.

Lagos with the ambition of becoming Africa’s model mega city, is currently the fastest growing cities in the world.

‘The goal of LSDP is to harness the economic potentials of Lagos and mobilise investments that will ensure that Lagos state plays its vital role as Nigeria’s and West Africa’s economic hub,’ Babatunde Raji Fashola, the executive governor of Lagos State between 2007 and 2015, wrote in the foreword.

The LSDP among other things seek to provide an overall direction for the growth and development of the state, by providing a framework through which all sectors of the economy – public, private and civil society – can direct their energies and contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of people in the state.

It also seeks to harness all three parts of the State: the Executive, the Judiciary and the Legislature in a joint endeavour to realise the Vision of Lagos. The QBC and Lagos’ 2050 net-zero equation

Abimbola Akinajo, the managing director of Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA), recently embarked on a comprehensive tour of the ongoing Quality Bus Corridors (QBCs) project.

The project comprises three key corridors: Package 1a: Ketu-Alapere-Akanimodo, Package 1b: Yaba-Lawanson-Ijesha-Cele, Package 2: Abule Egba-Iju Ishaga, and Package 3: Igando-Iyana Iba.

It is being funded by the Lagos State Government and Agence Française de Développement.

The initiative, which is jointly funded by the state government and Agence Française de Développement, aims to improve public transportation by introducing laybys with shelters and improving junctions to enhance traffic flow.

The project also includes revamping three major bus corridors with remodelled walkways and laybys.

Similarly, LAMATA recently hosted a critical roundtable discussion on emission management, unveiling its ambitious strategies to achieve net-zero carbon emissions in Lagos by 2050.

The roundtable was focused on the impact, challenges, and actionable strategies for emission reduction across the state.

The collaborative effort between LAMATA, Wycliffe Advisory and Consulting Ltd, and the Nigeria Climate Innovation Center (NCIC), served as a pivotal platform for shared expertise in urban sustainable and climate-friendly mobility.

Akinajo disclosed that daily trips within Lagos are expected to surge to 40 million by 2032. In response to this anticipated increase and the overarching net-zero goal, she outlined LAMATA’s multi-pronged approach to mitigate emissions.

These strategies include the implementation of the Bus Reform Initiative, promotion of waste-to-fuel initiatives, active encouragement of Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) like walking and cycling, and substantial investment in air quality monitoring and baseline data collection.

Lagos Strategic Transport Master Plan (STMP)

The Lagos Strategic Transport Master Plan (STMP), overseen by the Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA), is a roadmap for an integrated, multi-modal public transport system for Lagos.

It envisions a system of Light Rail Transit, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Inland Waterways, and Cable Cars, along with First Mile-Last Mile (FMLM) buses.

The plan aims to reduce congestion, lower transport costs and emissions, and improve overall quality of life by providing safe, efficient, and equitable transportation services.

As part of efforts to deepen the STMP, the Lagos state government recently unveiled the alignment of its Green Line Metro-a 68-kilometer railway project that will stretch from the Lekki Free Zone to Marina.

Designed to serve as a high-capacity coastal transit corridor, the Green Line is expected to carry up to 500,000 passengers daily at launch, with ridership projected to grow to 1 million as demand rises.

‘This project is a strategic investment in Lagos’ future-linking critical residential, commercial, and industrial zones while reducing travel time and road congestion,’ Babajide Sanwo-Olu, Lagos State governor, stated.

According to the governor, the Green Line will be integral to boosting economic activity and improving quality of life in the fast-growing Lekki-Epe corridor.

The rail line will feature 17 stations and connect seamlessly with the Blue Line at Marina, creating a central interchange for smoother cross-city transfers.

By running along the city’s eastern coastal stretch, the Green Line is also expected to serve key development zones, including the Lekki Deep Sea Port, Dangote Refinery, and the Lekki Free Trade Zone.

The Lagos State Electricity Regulatory Commission (LASERC) has officially granted power distribution licences to Excel Distribution Company Limited and IE Energy Lagos Limited, marking a major milestone in the state’s journey toward an independent and competitive electricity market.

With this development, Eko Electricity Distribution Plc and Ikeja Electric Plc have ceased to exist as licensed distributors within the Lagos Electricity Market.

The newly licensed firms, Excel Distribution Company Limited and IE Energy Lagos Limited, now hold the legal authority to manage power distribution operations in the state.

At the event, Folake Soetan signed on behalf of IE Energy Lagos Limited, while Sheri Adegbenro signed on behalf of Excel Distribution Company Limited.

Speaking at the ceremony, Abimbola Odubiyi, LASERC chairman, described the move as ‘a defining moment in Lagos’ journey towards a reliable and sustainable electricity market.’

‘The Commission will continue to uphold the principles of independence, transparency, and service to the people of Lagos,’ Odubiyi said. Fouad Animashaun, LASERC’s chief executive officer, highlighted that the issuance of the licences reaffirms the state’s commitment to private sector participation and competitive electricity delivery.

‘By expanding competition, we are ensuring that Lagosians can look forward to better access, improved reliability, and affordable electricity supply,’ Animashaun said.

In their remarks, representatives of the new licensees pledged to deliver improved service quality and operational efficiency.

Kola Adeshina, representing IE Energy Lagos Limited, said: ‘We are honoured to be part of this transformative journey. Our focus will be on deploying innovative solutions that deliver value to customers across Lagos.’

Sheri Adegbenro, speaking for Excel Distribution Company Limited, added, ‘This licence is both a privilege and a responsibility. We are committed to strengthening power distribution and ensuring that customers experience real improvements in service.’

LASERC noted that this transition aligns with the Lagos State Electricity Policy, which seeks to ensure reliable, affordable, and equitable access to power for all residents through transparent regulation and increased private sector participation.