AFC loan disbursement to farmers and co-operatives rises 17pc

Loans to farmers and agricultural co-operatives from State-run Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC) rose by 16.8 percent to Sh1.1 billion in the three months ended September 2025, signalling firmer demand for subsidised credit as input costs remain elevated.

The increase shows a continued rebound in lending at the corporation, reversing years of subdued disbursements that had constrained access to long-term financing in the sector.

According to internal portfolio performance data, the agency disbursed Sh936 million in the similar quarter of the prior year, translating to a Sh157 million upturn in the review period.

The growth builds on a strong performance posted in the financial year ended June 2025, when AFC lending rose to a record Sh4.7 billion, breaking a three-year decline that followed tighter credit conditions.

Agriculture remains the pillar of Kenya’s economy, employing more than half of the population, with constrained access to affordable financing often cited as the main barrier to productivity growth.

AFC operates as a development institution mandated to provide long-term and affordable credit to farmers, co-operatives and agribusinesses underserved by banks due to perceived risk.

The corporation lends at a fixed interest rate of 10 percent, making its loans a key financing channel for small and medium-scale agricultural producers.

AFC’s total loan portfolio grew by two percent during the quarter to September last year, to hit Sh12.3 billion, up from Sh12.08 billion at the close of June.

Cumulative repayments rose 13 percent to Sh1.24 billion during the quarter, compared with Sh1.1 billion a year earlier.

AFC has struggled with elevated defaults, with non-performing loans peaking at 31 percent in the year ended June 2022 before easing to 16 percent last year.

The Auditor-General has in the past flagged the agency for failing to apply due diligence in the disbursement of funds, putting its control mechanism into question.

The auditor questioned the quality of collateral the corporation used in loan agreements amid strains in recovery.

AFC’s improved lending performance also comes amid broader efforts by the government to crowd in development finance to agriculture as commercial banks scale back long-tenor lending.

In 2024, the corporation secured a Sh600 million facility from Kenya Development Corporation for onward lending to pastoralists and small enterprises in the agriculture value chain.

The funding was aimed at deepening credit access in arid and semi-arid areas, where climate shocks and limited financial infrastructure continue to constrain production and incomes.

Chinese contractor’s quarry operations halted after villagers lodge complaint

A court has ordered a Chinese road contractor to halt quarrying operations and blocked the launch of an asphalt plant after finding that the projects posed environmental and safety risks, such as flying rocks, to nearby residents.

The Environment and Land Court restrained China Henan International Cooperation (CHICO) Group and its Kenyan partner, Aztec Infrastructure Kenya, from continuing quarry works in the Bosinange area, Kisii County, pending the hearing of a constitutional petition lodged by 31 residents.

In a ruling that places renewed scrutiny on foreign-backed infrastructure projects, the judge said the court was persuaded that the operations threatened the community’s right to a clean and healthy environment.

The court added that the quarry operations exposed residents to dust, flying rocks and other hazards.

‘It will be unfair to have the residents bombarded with dust and pollution from the quarry for the duration of this litigation. Such activities can lead to long-term health hazards, which can even lead to loss of life,’ the judge said.

The dispute centres on a quarry initially operated by the Chinese contractor after it won major road and bridge construction contracts across Kisii, Homabay, and Migori counties.

It leased three land parcels in South Mugirango, Bosinange, for the purpose of operating a quarry.

However, the residents argued that the environmental impact assessment license issued for the quarry was unlawful and that the operations caused damage to homes, noise, vibrations and persistent pollution.

After quarry activities were transferred to Aztec Infrastructure Kenya Limited, the petitioners said conditions worsened.

They accused the firm of expanding stone-crushing activities and installing an asphalt plant on adjacent land without first securing the required environmental license.

The court agreed that the asphaltplant had been unlawfully established.

It said the law was explicit in stating that no development should be put up without an environmental impact assessment and approval.

The court dismissed arguments that the plant was not yet operational, stating that the breach occurred at the installation stage.

Evidence before the court showed that the National Environment Management Authority (Nema) had issued improvement and restoration orders in January 2023 after site inspections found unsecured quarry pits, dust pollution, and a lack of rehabilitation plans.

While reinforcing the court’s role in enforcing environmental safeguards where community rights are at risk, the judge noted that the respondents failed to clearly address compliance with a key improvement order issued in August 2025.

‘I do not see any acknowledgment of the improvement order. yet it is a very vital issue in the case,’ the court observed, adding that confirmation of compliance could only come from Nema.

The environment regulator, together with its Director General and the Kisii County Director, acknowledged complaints made by residents, particularly regarding flying rocks. They said that the asphalt plant was illegally installed.

The court found that the residents had established a strong case and demonstrated irreparable harm.

It ordered an immediate stop to all quarrying, crushing, and stone processing until Nema is satisfied that the operations are environmentally safe or until the case is determined.

The asphalt plant was also barred from commencing operations until the petition is determined, and if any operations have begun, then the same must cease forthwith pending the finalisation of the legal dispute.

City slicker’s guide to losing money on a farm

If you are a regular reader of this column, you will have heard me pour my farming lamentations onto this page once. I purportedly rear sheep and goats somewhere deep in the sticks of eastern Laikipia.

I love and hate my farming life in equal measure for no other reason than it is the one aspect of my life where all my academic and corporate qualifications mean absolutely nothing. Farming is where thoroughly uneducated city slickers and their wallets go to die an ignominious death.

Two years ago, I made the sensible decision to become food secure after the drought of early 2023 almost brought my sheep and my wallet to starvation point. You see, those four-legged critters need to eat. A lot. My hay stocks rapidly depleted, and I had to start buying bales of hay that were being sold for three times the price of a Tusker beer at a local pub when, pre-drought, they were going for the price of a Cocacola can in the refrigerator at Shell Select.

Carol Musyoka: From farming travails to victory

I got tired of figuring things out from my Nairobi-based desktop and decided to hire a farm manager. Prior to a manager, I had a farm supervisor who fired himself when he got run out of the village for dipping his hand into other men’s honey pots. Turns out he liked the local married female population more than he liked my sheep, and the villagers were not enamoured by his amorous motivations. Which worked out well, to be honest, as now I could look for someone who had the right end-to-end animal husbandry skills.

Having learnt the painful lesson, I leased land from a neighbour, and our new farm manager got us to plant sorghum and maize for silage storage so that we could have at least a year’s supply of animal feed without fear of renting all the rooms in my head. He also advised that we plant sunflowers because they provided an alternative source of energy for the feed. I thought they looked particularly pretty in the sun, to be honest, and would add much added colour to the drab green of maize and sorghum. Yes, I had a blond moment, and I own it.

What farm manager didn’t tell me is that the sunflower seeds are highly valuable for oil, and you only feed animals the crushed sunflower cake after the oil has been pressed out.

What farm manager also did not tell me is that birds love sunflower seeds more than they love to fly. After patiently waiting for the sunflower to mature, those pesky little vagrants landed on the crop and leisurely embarked on a three-course meal that consisted of puréed seed for starters, Laikipia sun-baked seed for the main course, and, for dessert, 2 seed parfait. I bought those kites you see being sold by street hustlers in Nairobi traffic, believing they would make perfect scarecrows. Four of them were in the shape of what I thought looked like a menacing eagle. We mounted them on some poles. They worked.

Miraculously, actually. For all of 10 minutes. We got a worker to stand in the sunflower field with a catapult and chase the birds when they came. It worked. For all of the 30 minutes the worker would pretend to be working when I was around.

In summary, I ended up harvesting about 50 percent of the planted sunflowers. But if I ran for an elected seat in bird parliament, I would quite likely get a landslide win. Now, what farm manager conveniently forgot to tell me is that sunflower seed pressing machines cannot be found on aisle 5 at Quickmart Nanyuki.

For the last eight months, we have been looking for anyone with the machine, and it turns out they are harder to find than an honest politician. However, a wonderful soul has eventually helped me find one located in Laikipia. But it is apparently so heavy that I have to take my seed to the machine, which is jointly owned by a community about 40 kilometres away and administered by their local Member of County Assembly.

So, I’ve decided to wait until I harvest the current crop of sunflower and then consolidate my seeds for the onward jaunt to the mystery machine. And the birds have not gotten to this crop because, wait for it, I bought protection, and no, not the mafia kind. I had to buy bags to cover each sunflower head. Each and every one of those suckers. Which means I had to get casual labourers to come in and bag each head.

So, add the cost of the bags, plus the cost of the labourers, and what do you get? A very broke and uneducated city slicker. And what is likely to be the most expensive sunflower seed oil and crushed sunflower cake in Laikipia East. If you’re thinking of farming, don’t. Stay in your educated, rich lane.

Portland gets Sh1.94bn loan repayment reprieve

The Treasury has granted the East African Portland Cement Company (EAPC) a four-year moratorium on the repayment of a Sh1.94 billion loan the cement maker borrowed 36 years ago, revealing the firm’s financial difficulties.

EAPC borrowed Japanese yen (JPY) 7.67 billion from the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (JICA) in March 1990 but defaulted in 2016 after making partial payments, forcing the government to step in and clear the loan on its behalf. The government cleared the company’s loan with JICA in March 2020.

New details now reveal that Treasury Cabinet Secretary John Mbadi entered an agreement with the company in July 2025, pushing forward repayment dates for the outstanding loan to start in September 2029.

‘The government, through the National Treasury, has since entered into an agreement with the company setting out the terms and conditions for the loan repayment. The agreement was executed on behalf of the government by the CS, National Treasury and Economic Planning, John Mbadi Ng’ongo, on July 24, 2025,’ EAPC notes in its 2024/25 annual report.

The agreements were entered into when the government was the controlling shareholder of EAPC. The cement manufacturer, however, got a new majority owner in December last year when Kalahari Cement, part of Tanzania’s Amsons Group, acquired a 68.7 percent ownership after multiple transactions.

It is not clear whether the change of control will have an impact on the agreements the cement producer has with the Treasury.

EAPC’s outstanding loan of Sh1.94 billion includes an accrued interest of Sh459.8 million that the EAPC will have to repay the Treasury, with the outstanding principal loan standing at Sh1.48 billion by the end of June last year.

The extension of repayment periods will see the company continue servicing the loan for more than 40 years since it borrowed it to facilitate a cement plant rehabilitation project.

‘Subsequent to year-end, the National Treasury and Economic Planning, through an agreement executed on July 24, 2025, granted the company a four-year moratorium, with the first repayment due on September 30, 2029,’ Auditor-General Nancy Gathungu noted.

While the company has been facing financial difficulties in recent years, its performance in the year ending June 2025 improved with a 377 percent jump in profits, to hit Sh5.5 billion.

The EAPC notes that the JPY 7.67 billion loan had a 2.5 percent interest rate and had been guaranteed by the government, which later took over when the company defaulted.

While the government intervened and started repaying the loan to JICA on behalf of EAPC since 2017, it left it in trouble with the Stanbic Bank, with which it had entered into a contract to handle repayments through currency conversions.

EAPC sought Stanbic Bank’s services after incurring exchange rate losses since it paid the loan to JICA in JPY while its revenues were in Kenyan shillings.

Under the EAPC contract with Stanbic Bank, the cement maker would make repayments to the lender in US dollars, then the bank would make payments towards resettlement of the loan to JICA in JPY.

‘To mitigate the exchange rate risk, the company entered into a cross-currency swap with Stanbic Bank in 2011. The swap converted the JPY loan into a United States dollar (USD) obligation, allowing the company to make payments in USD to the bank, while the bank settled the company’s JPY obligation with JICA,’ the Auditor-General notes.

The company made the payments to the bank as agreed between 2011 and 2016, but later defaulted, forcing the government to step in.

The default, which caused the EAPCC to terminate its currency swap contract with Stanbic Bank, caused the lender to slap it with a Sh192.8 million bill that the two parties are still in dispute over.

‘The company considered the price valuation given by the bank as inadequate as it was not justified with parameters and therefore referred the matter to CBK/CMA for investigation and /or arbitration, ‘ Ms Gathungu said.

‘On 15 May 2018, the bank notified the company of prelisting with credit reference bureau pursuant to Regulation 50(1) (a)- the Credit Reference Bureau Regulations, 2013, unless the company settles the amount of Sh192,855,802.’

The amount Stanbic Bank is asking for would push the loan to over Sh2 billion should the arbitrators rule in its favour.

Isuzu pulls new vehicle sales up 19 percent

Isuzu East Africa has tightened its grip on Kenya’s new vehicle market, racing further ahead of CFAO Mobility Kenya as unit sales rebounded in 2025 on the back of easing financing costs and a stable shilling.

Data from the Kenya Motor Industry Association (KMIA) shows that new vehicle sales rose to 13,583 units in 2025, up from 11,352 the previous year, a 19.65 percent increase.

The recovery marks a turnaround after three years of subdued demand on a raft of shocks, including high interest rates, currency volatility, increased taxation and delayed payment to government contractors.

Isuzu was the biggest driver of rebound in showroom vehicles, growing sales of its pick-ups, buses, trucks and SUVs from 5,390 units in 2024 to 6,494 in 2025 – a jump of 20.48 percent.

This marginally lifted its market share to 47.81 from 47.48 percent, meaning nearly one out of every two new vehicles sold was an Isuzu model.

The gains have widened the gap between Isuzu and CFAO Mobility Kenya, underscoring the strength of the commercial vehicle segment relative to private cars.

CFAO – the dealer for Toyota, Mercedes, Volkswagen and Hino – posted a 16.39 percent increase in sales, from 3,789 units to 4,410 in the period under review.

However, its market share slipped from 33.4 to 32.5 percent, as Isuzu expanded at a faster pace and smaller players like Scania East Africa and Salvador Caetano Kenya posted growth.

Industry players say the turnaround has been underpinned by improving macro-economic conditions. The shilling enjoyed its most stable run against the dollar in decades in 2025, hovering around the Sh129 level for 16 months since August 2024.

The stability reduced pricing uncertainty for imported vehicles and parts, while improving business confidence.

Borrowing costs also eased, with the average lending rate by banks falling to 14.88 percent in November 2025 from a recent peak of 17.22 percent in November 2024.

That followed successive benchmark interest rate cuts by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), which has trimmed its key lending rate from 13 percent in mid-2024 to nine percent currently, easing the cost of financing vehicle purchases.

Isuzu EA Sales and Marketing Director, Wanjohi Kangangi, said in November last year that the improving environment had unlocked demand, particularly among businesses.

‘Interest rates have gone down, so many businesses are taking loans. Some of the payments that had been stuck for government contractors have begun coming through,’ he said.

Mr Kangangi added that customers who could not invest were now expanding operations.

‘By and large, we are in a good spot. People feel they are more stable than they were in recent years,” he said.

He added that Isuzu had intensified customer engagement to support the recovery.

‘There is some stability and this is what businesses want. We have held events across the country to meet customers and ensure things are okay. We wanted to ensure the financing programmes we crafted were working for them,” he said.

Simba Corp grew sales from 977 to 1,134 units, Tata from 432 to 558 and Scania from 201 to 286.

Brands focused on private passenger vehicles continued to struggle.

2026 investments: Where to put your money this year

With just a few weeks into the new year, many people remain upbeat about their goals and hope this will turn out to be their best year yet.

You have probably put your best foot forward to make this a year of growth and scaling greater heights, be it in careers, family life, spiritual journey, health and of course, finances.

If you are wondering where to grow your money this year, financial adviser Mary Mwangi has some practical tips for both seasoned and first-time investors.

‘Safe investments mean channels that give a guaranteed return with low to zero risk of loss. These include Treasury bills and bonds, fixed deposit accounts, money market funds, and specific insurance investment plans,’ she says. ‘These channels offer a steady income and security for your principal.’

But for investors willing to accept more risk, higher returns are possible. ‘Absolutely. The stock market has been performing well, as have real estate and commercial papers from private companies. The key is to understand the volatility of these investments and your own risk appetite. You must acknowledge that while the potential returns are high, you could also lose part of your investment.’

Comparing traditional investments to stocks and real estate, Mary notes that while bonds and fixed deposits are reliable, they generally yield lower returns. ‘Traditional investments are steady and low-risk, but stocks and real estate can deliver higher returns over the long term,’ she explains.

Digital assets like cryptocurrencies, she adds, remain largely speculative. ‘They are mostly ‘invest and wait’ platforms. They serve to diversify a portfolio but should not form the backbone of one’s investments.’

Balancing risk and return is a matter of life stage and financial goals.

‘Investment aims to build, grow, and preserve wealth. Early on, you may want to keep your seed money in guaranteed platforms. As your portfolio grows, you can allocate some funds to higher-risk, long-term speculative options. Your personal risk appetite informs most investment decisions.’

Common pitfalls

Common pitfalls for Kenyan investors include following the crowd without understanding the investments. ‘Failing to do due diligence is a major mistake. You need to understand exactly what you’re investing in, how it works, and the pros and cons. Make informed decisions.’

On liquidity, Mary recommends keeping a portion of funds easily accessible. ‘Cash or liquid investments should cover short-term goals and emergencies-at least three times your monthly budget.

The rest should be directed toward long-term goals with clear timelines.’

Looking at promising sectors for 2026, she highlights infrastructure, health, agriculture, technology, and clean energy, noting their significant growth potential both locally and globally.

Current economic factors also influence investment choices. ‘High inflation pushes investors toward high-yielding investments. Currency fluctuations make dollar-based investments attractive.

Stable, long-term investments continue to attract investors,’ she says.

For those starting with a modest amount, such as Sh100,000, Mary advises tailoring investments to risk tolerance. ‘Depending on your appetite, you could consider equities, Treasury bonds, bills, or goal-linked insurance plans. Special funds exist, but Sh100,000 is often only sufficient as a top-up rather than an initial deposit.’

Rebalancing portfolios

She also emphasises the importance of reviewing and rebalancing portfolios. ‘Do so anytime there is a major change in life, income, or the market-or when you’ve achieved a goal-to ensure funds are redirected appropriately.’

For first-time investors nervous about entering the market, Mary’s advice is simple: ‘Start small, invest consistently, set clear short-, medium-, and long-term goals, and choose investments that align with those goals. Know your risk appetite, research thoroughly, consult professionals, and avoid simply following the crowd.’

For investors looking at the Kenyan market through 2026, Monicah Mwaniki, co-founder and chief executive officer of ArvoCap Asset Managers, says local assets are likely to remain resilient despite lingering global uncertainty.

‘Kenyan government bonds and listed stocks should provide relative safety into 2026, largely due to lower inflationary pressures. This helps buffer investors against currency shocks and makes local yields more attractive.’

She adds that improved government finances, partly driven by privatisation efforts, could support fiscal spending and incremental development, providing a tailwind for consumption and overall economic activity.

While higher-return opportunities often come with higher risk, Monicah says this does not mean investors should avoid them altogether.

‘Equities inherently carry higher risk because of the cyclical nature of business and the economy,’ she notes.

‘However, with prudent diversification and sound portfolio management, it is possible to manage those risks and capitalise on market volatility.’

On fixed income investments, Monicah expects continued stability. ‘Fixed income securities should perform well on an absolute basis as government borrowing demand eases and alternative sources of capital are tapped,’ she says. ‘Lower inflation also creates room for more flexible monetary policy, which supports bond markets.’

Looking ahead to equities, she is cautiously optimistic. ‘We believe the Kenyan stock market will continue to show upside momentum, supported by attractive valuations and relatively high dividend yields, especially within the banking sector,’ she says. She also expects credit growth to strengthen as fiscal policy becomes more expansionary in the run-up to elections.

Successful investing

Many Kenyan investors, she observes, struggle not because opportunities are lacking, but because of how decisions are made.

‘Chasing returns without understanding risk, overconcentrating in a single asset like property or shares, confusing saving with investing, and relying on tips from WhatsApp groups or social media often undermines long-term growth,’ Monicah says. ‘Successful investing is not about finding the perfect opportunity, but about building a disciplined, diversified strategy aligned with one’s goals, time horizon and temperament.’

For someone with Sh100,000 to invest, Monicah says the priority should be preserving value. ‘The first step is placing money in an investment that beats inflation while protecting capital,’ she explains, noting that professionally while protecting capital,’ she explains, noting that professionally managed fixed-income products can offer steady, structured growth with minimal volatility, especially for investors seeking discipline over speculation.

And for first-time investors who feel anxious about entering the market, Monicah says hesitation is natural-but inactivity carries its own risks. ‘Fear is normal, but staying out of the market entirely is often riskier than entering it thoughtfully,’ she says.

‘Start with clarity, invest money you don’t need immediately, choose products you understand, and focus on consistency and patience. Over time, discipline and a long-term view turn uncertainty into confidence.’

Clarity of purpose

Another key consideration when deciding where to invest in 2026, according to Alfred Mathu, lead financial consultant and founder of East Africa Insurance Agency, is clarity of purpose.

‘Every investment agenda is driven by several factors, but the first thing is always the investment objective,’ Alfred explains. ‘Are you investing short-term, medium-term, or long- term? That clarity determines everything else.’

Age and risk appetite, he emphasises, must always be factored in. ‘It would not be prudent for an older person to go into very long-term investments,’ Alfred cautions. ‘A young person has time on their side, but someone closer to retirement needs liquidity and support. Different investments come with different risk levels, and your age should align with your investment horizon.’

He also warns against concentrating funds in a single investment. ‘Always have a cushion,’ Mathu advises. ‘If you’ve sold property and set the money aside for something as critical as your children’s education, don’t put it all into one instrument. Diversify so that even if one investment underperforms, you still have financial support elsewhere.’

Ultimately, Alfred says diversification and regular review are non-negotiable. ‘Markets change, life changes, income changes. Investors should review their portfolios whenever these shifts happen to ensure their money is still aligned with their goals.’

For short-term investors, he says security of capital should take precedence over returns.

‘When someone is investing short-term, their primary agenda is not high returns-it is the security of the funds,’ he notes. In such cases, he recommends money market instruments, which pool funds from multiple investors and place them in low-risk government and fixed-income securities such as Treasury bills, Treasury bonds, commercial papers, debentures, and fixed deposits.

‘The objective of a money market is to give you a competitive return while enjoying optimal security,’ Alfred says. ‘You earn interest daily, you can withdraw or top up your funds at any time, and that flexibility makes money markets ideal for emergencies or short holding periods-especially if you’ve sold an asset and are waiting to redeploy the funds.’

For investors with a longer horizon-typically five to 20 years-Alfred points to what he describes as contractual or medium-term investments. These are suited for goals such as building a home, starting a business, or educating children.

‘Here, you’re not only growing your money, but you’re also enjoying coverage against uncertainties like death, disability, or critical illness,’ he explains. ‘The duration often depends on age-a younger person may go for 15 or 20 years, while someone older may prefer a shorter term.’

Long-term investments, he adds, are largely about retirement planning. ‘Retirement is the time when you allow your money space to work for you,’ he says. ‘If someone is 30 years old and plans to retire at 60, they have 30 years to build a retirement fund through a retirement savings account, which may be a pure investment or one combined with life or disability cover.’

Age and risk appetite, he emphasises, must always be factored in. ‘It would not be prudent for an older person to go into very long-term investments,’ Alfred cautions. ‘A young person has time on their side, but someone closer to retirement needs liquidity and support. Different investments come with different risk levels, and your age should align with your investment horizon.’

Investing in cryptos

On digital assets such as cryptocurrencies, Alfred says they should only play a diversification role. ‘These instruments tend to carry medium to high risk,’ he notes. ‘The idea is not to put all your eggs in one basket, but to spread risk across different platforms-real estate, bonds, shares, money markets, or even alternative investments, so that if one is affected, another can cushion you.’

Asked what advice he would give someone with Sh100,000 to invest, Alfred returns to the same principle: objective first. ‘Why do you want to invest that money, and for how long?’ he asks.

‘If this is the only money you have, you cannot afford to gamble. You must be cautious and avoid overexposure to risk. But if it’s money you can afford to set aside for a long time, then higher-risk, higher-return options can be considered.’

Common mistakes Kenyan investors make, according to Alfred, include failing to understand investment risks and not seeking professional guidance. ‘Some people invest without understanding the chances of loss, and when losses occur, it affects them deeply,’ he says. ‘If you go in with clarity about the risk levels, you can plan better.’

Kenya remains on top with Sh127bn startup funding in 2025

Kenyan startups attracted $984 million (Sh126.9 billion) in funding in 2025, receiving the largest debt and equity financing in Africa for the second year, according to a research firm that tracks such transactions in on the continent.

Young companies in the country had raised funding of $638 million (Sh82.3 billion at current exchange rates) in 2024 when they also led the rest of the continent in receiving capital to back their growth.

This represented an increase of 54.2 percent, with startups in energy and consumer credit among the prominent firms that received funding in the review period.

The research by Africa: The Big Deal covers debt and equity deals of more than $100,000 (Sh12.9 million) and excludes exits.

‘Kenya topped the charts in terms of funding raised, almost hitting the $1 billion mark. This is the most funding an individual market has attracted in a single year since 2022,’ the research firm said in a statement.

‘In fact, it represented almost a third of the total raised on the continent in 2025. Debt ($582 million) represented 60 percent of the total raised, and the amount of equity raised ($383 million) almost doubled year-on-year.’

The research firm said that most of the performance was driven by large energy and consumer credit players such as d.light, Sun King, M-Kopa, Burn and PowerGen.

Sun King, for instance, received a financing package of $156 million (Sh20.1 billion) last year from a consortium of lenders comprising Citi, Absa, Co-operative Bank of Kenya, KCB Bank, and Stanbic Bank Kenya.

Companies like d.light, Sun King and M-Kopa are active in rural parts of the country and low-income zones in towns where there is strong demand from households seeking to acquire solar energy solutions and gadgets like mobile phones and television sets.

The report noted that 75 young businesses raised $100,000 (Sh12.9 million) or more in Kenya in 2025.

Egypt followed Kenya in startups funding last year at $614 million, with South Africa and Nigeria ranking third and fourth respectively with hauls of $599 million and $343 million.

The big four, as they have been referred to since 2019, attracted a total of 82 percent of the funding.

‘Egypt came second with $614 million raised, 20 percent of the total. Funding in the country grew at a similar rate as Kenya,’ the report said.

‘Roughly half of the amount raised was equity, and the rest debt. Egypt was also the second-largest market in terms of debt funding ($278 million, 24 percent of Africa’s total). 61 start-ups raised $100,000 or more in the country last year.’

South Africa was the biggest market in terms of equity funding, with 90.9 percent or $545 million received in the form of payment for ownership stakes.

The country accounted for 29 percent of Africa’s total equity funding.

At a regional level, Eastern Africa was in the lead in 2025 when it came to the total funding raised (34 percent), followed by Western (24 percent), Northern (23 percent), Southern (19 percent) and Central Africa (0.1 percent), according to the report.

How irregularities marred Nyeri medical cover tender

A watchdog has placed the Nyeri County government under scrutiny over procurement irregularities, including the introduction of a bidder during the evaluation of a Sh211 million medical insurance tender for Members of the County Executive and staff.

The Public Procurement Administrative Review Board (PPARB) found that the county government’s tender team erred by altering bid requirements and contacting the bidders to ‘clarify’ the security deposited by one of the companies.

PPARB said the county breached mandatory provisions during the opening and evaluation stages for the 2025-26 comprehensive medical insurance cover tender. It rendered the process unlawful and unsustainable, prompting the board to order fresh procurement.

‘The respondents violated the law during the tender opening and evaluation, thereby rendering the entire exercise illegal,’ the board said.

‘The cumulative effect of these irregularities leads to the inescapable conclusion that the entire process was tainted with illegality and must be nullified.’

Consequently, the PPARB directed the Director-General of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority to address any culpability concerning legal breaches in the nullified tender and ensure compliance with laws in the fresh process.

The dispute stemmed from a tender seeking an insurance broker to manage the cover.

Three companies – Utmost Insurance Brokers Ltd, Transnep Insurance Brokers Ltd and Goldfield Insurance Brokers – submitted bids.

After evaluation, the devolved government awarded the contract to Utmost Insurance Brokers Limited as the lowest evaluated bidder at Sh211.5 million.

Goldfield Insurance Brokers, which had quoted Sh213.5 million, contested the award, arguing that the process was flawed. Transnep had quoted Sh219.7 million.

Central to the dispute was the issue of tender security. The documents required bidders to submit a mandatory bond of Sh6.9 million.

However, during the public tender opening, Utmost Ltd’s security was recorded as Sh3 million – a figure confirmed by the company’s representative and documented in the tender opening roll.

‘The tender opening register constitutes the final and definitive record of the process,’ the board ruled, adding that once tenders are opened, ‘no bidder or procuring entity may alter or substitute material information’.

Instead of disqualifying Utmost’s bid for non-compliance, the county government’s tender committee attempted to rectify the discrepancy after the opening.

The team revisited Utmost’s documents post-closure, claimed to have identified a Sh6.9 million bank guarantee and communicated the ‘clarification’ to bidders via phone and SMS.

PPARB ruled that the conduct violated the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act, adding that informal communication constituted unauthorised disclosure of procurement information and an unlawful attempt to bypass legal clarification procedures.

‘Clarification cannot be used to correct a substantive defect or render a non-responsive bid responsive,’ the board stressed, saying post-opening alterations of mandatory requirements undermine transparency and breach procurement laws.

The board dismissed the argument that the discrepancy was a minor oversight, stressing that tender security is mandatory and non-compliance at the opening stage automatically disqualifies a bid.

The PPARB identified more irregularities, including the introduction of a bidder named ‘Amana’ at the technical evaluation stage – a decision it said compromised transparency and integrity.

‘The respondents proceeded with an evaluation that was marred by violations of the law. The entire tendering was tainted with illegality and cannot withstand legal scrutiny,’ the board said.

It also rejected Utmost’s claim that Goldfield’s review application was filed late, ruling that the cause of action arose upon award notification on November 18, 2025. Goldfield filed its application on December 1, within the statutory 14-day window.

‘The opening stage is the foundation upon which the entire procurement is built,’ the board stated.

‘Where that foundation is compromised by statutory breaches, the resultant process cannot stand.’

As a result, PPARB nullified the Sh211 million contract award and ordered the Nyeri county government to re-advertise the tender.

The board further directed the devolved government’s accounting officer to consult the PPRA Director-General to implement interim measures ensuring uninterrupted medical coverage during the procurement.

UoN, realtor battle over Sh450 million prime land

The University of Nairobi (UoN) and a private real estate developer are embroiled in a protracted court battle over a prime parcel of land valued at Sh450 million.

The dispute, which has dragged on for years, could redefine public land ownership and expose the government to compensation claims exceeding Sh1.2 billion.

The case pits UoN against Wathanangu Holdings Ltd, with the Attorney-General, Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC), the Chief Land Registrar, and the National Land Commission (NLC) listed as co-defendants.

The Environment and Land Court in Machakos has issued multiple rulings shaping the trial, with both parties accusing each other of unlawful conduct.

At the heart of the dispute is a land parcel that Wathanangu claims it legally acquired in 1995 from Silver Clouds Investment Limited, a company that had been allotted the property by the government.

The developer maintains that despite holding a valid title, State actions have hindered development, causing significant financial losses.

According to Wathanangu, interference began in 1999 when a caveat was placed on the title. Though later removed, subsequent actions-including the fencing of adjacent land-allegedly blocked access and stalled development.

The firm estimates the land’s current value at Sh450 million, with projected rental income losses totalling Sh1.26 billion since 2001.

But UoN disputes these allegations, insisting the land is public property. The university alleges fraud in the land’s transfer and seeks cancellation of Wathanangu’s title.

It argues the property was meant for institutional use and should be reverted to its ownership.

The university’s position gained traction when the court permitted an amended defence, adding Silver Clouds Investment Limited and former Lands Registrar Wilson Gachanja as parties.

The court deemed their inclusion necessary to fully examine fraud allegations tied to the original allotment.

Wathanangu has been pursuing compensation for being “unlawfully deprived” of the land for decades.

However, the court recently barred the firm from submitting a fresh valuation report, citing an abuse of process.

The court noted that Wathanangu had previously been blocked from presenting an expert valuation and could not “circumvent the process to introduce new evidence.”

The case hinges on a critical question: Is the land private property unlawfully restricted by the state, or public land acquired irregularly and now subject to repossession?

The final ruling may determine not only ownership but also potential liability for damages-either against the state and UoN or against Wathanangu’s long-held title.

Risper Ohaga: The quiet architect of EABL’s financial discipline bows out

From the tone of the staff announcement, you could almost visualise the quivering voices of the two authors as they announced the exit of East African Breweries Limited’s Group chief financial officer, Risper Ohaga.

The communication announcing the exit of Ms Ohaga was signed by EABL’s Group CEO, Jane Karuku, and its Group human resources director, Jacqueline Wanyama.

‘It is with mixed feelings that we announce the resignation of Ms Risper Ohaga as the chief financial officer and executive director of EABL,’ read the announcement.

Ms Ohaga is leaving amid an impending major shareholding shake-up at the Ruaraka-based alcohol manufacturer, as EABL’s parent company, Diageo, sells its 65 percent stake to Japan’s Asahi Group, which will take control of the brewer.

But for Ms Karuku and Ms Wanyama, this appears to be a painful break-up of the close bond that may have developed among the three top female executives.

Ms Ohaga will remain in office until June 30 to allow for an orderly transition, with her successor to be announced later.

‘She has led in delivering the 2021 and 2025 medium-term notes, saving the business significant amounts in interest costs, demonstrating her financial acuity and bold decision-making,’ the company said in a statement.

The statement added that Ms Ohaga also placed strong emphasis on talent development, with members of the EABL finance team winning Diageo global finance awards a record three times in the past four years.

At EABL, she is credited with optimising the company’s balance sheet and securing funding to fully support its strategy while tightly managing costs. She led the issuance of the brewer’s 2021 and 2025 medium-term notes, transactions that the company says delivered significant savings in interest costs and strengthened its funding profile.

Under her leadership, EABL said, the company reinforced its financial controls and governance structures, enhanced investor relations, and delivered strong results in a challenging operating environment.

‘A number of Finance staff have taken up international assignments both globally and within EABL, with secondments to senior roles in Japan, Ghana, India, Ireland, and Singapore, among others. She believes in nurturing and developing talent, as evidenced by the number of finance staff promoted and/or taking on new challenges under her leadership.’

In February 2020, Ms Ohaga replaced Gyorgy Geiszl, ushering in a trend in which locals gradually replaced expatriates in the corner offices of EABL.

But something else was also happening. Women, too, were replacing men in the listed firm’s C-suite, with Ms Karuku taking over from Andrew Cowan as Group Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer a year later.

Ms Ohaga, the second-born in a family of seven, seems to have taken after her mother. She said in a previous interview that she was always a dreamer, so she is not surprised by the extent to which she has scaled the corporate ladder.

Her mother, too, was a dreamer. She left the three of them-her and her two sisters-with their father to pursue higher education in Canada.

‘I am really good at what I do,’ she said as a matter of fact in a past interview.

She grew up as a problematic, curious, and adventurous girl who was good at Maths. But even then, she was not really sure what she should pursue in college.

The turning point in her search for a career, she said in the interview, came when she said she wanted to do Accounting and her dad advised her to drop it, saying it was too tough even for him. She went for it.

From banking to brewery

Ms Ohaga joined EABL from Absa Group, then known as Barclays, where she had worked for more than a decade in senior finance and audit roles across Africa.

Her appointment coincided with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, a period that placed unprecedented strain on corporate balance sheets and funding.

Earlier, she was Director, Africa, at Barclays Internal Audit, overseeing retail and business banking audits in 12 countries, including Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, and Egypt. Her career at Barclays began as Regional Director for Internal Audit for East and West Africa.

Yet behind the veneer of corporate finance is a loving wife and dedicated mother who once declared in an interview that she is ready to fight for her children.

She did not always want to have children or to be married. All this happened in a flash.

She said in a past interview that her ideas about marriage and parenting changed when she met her current husband, whom she described as sporty, calm, and shy. Practical Peter, she calls him.

She recalled getting pregnant with her firstborn in her first year at KPMG, an audit firm, when she was only 24 years old.

In an interview, she recalled an inscription on the company’s medical policy which postulated: ‘Pregnancy is self-inflicted; therefore, it shall not be covered.’

It is not known where Ms Ohaga will go next, but in a past interview, she said that at the end of her corporate season, she would do a lot of work with women and children. She is interested in helping build corporate leaders.