Category: Business Daily

Stanley Kioko, 36, wasn’t just chasing adventure when he got into a Toyota Prado with some friends to travel from Nairobi to South Africa. He was stepping into the unknown, driven by the hope of finding better opportunities and living beyond the boundaries of his familiar life.

Their first stop outside of Kenya was Namanga, followed by Arusha. “Our first meal outside the country was in Arusha,” Stanley recalls. “That’s when it really hit us that we had left Kenya.” The journey took nearly seven days.

Today, Stanley lives in Tyger Valley, a small area in the northern suburbs of Cape Town. He describes Cape Town as one of the best places to live in South Africa.

Stanley, who was born in Machakos County, began his education there before moving to Eldoret after high school. He worked for two years while studying Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at Moi University, graduating in 2009.

After graduating, he was transferred to Mtwapa, Mombasa. It was during this period that he began to consider leaving Kenya. Stanley and his colleagues would sit together after long workdays, sharing their frustrations and dreams.

“We were working very hard and kept asking ourselves if this was all life had to offer,” he recalls. “We started talking about greener pastures and the spirit of adventure.”

They wanted better opportunities, higher pay, and a chance to see the world beyond what they had always known. “You need to know more than what you’re used to,” says Stanley.

At the time, he was working the night shift, from six in the evening to seven in the morning. “I kept asking myself, ‘Can I really do better than this?’ That question pushed me to make a hard decision.”

After unsuccessful applications to other countries, Stanley did not hesitate when his South African visa was finally approved. He didn’t even formally resign from his job. “I was already on my way,” he says. He arrived in South Africa on September 9, 2011.

On reaching, his first task was learning how to live in a new society. Integration took him about three months. Language remained one of the biggest challenges, especially as a lecturer.

Students often asked questions in their local languages. Stanley had to learn quickly, not just the language but also cultural expressions and ways of life.

‘Over time, I embraced local food, customs, and social life. Before I knew it, I living like locals,’ he says with a smile.

His first job was as a lecturer. He worked part-time, moving between the University of Johannesburg and several further education and training colleges. One of these was Rand Training College, which was owned by a Kenyan and where he taught ICT. He also lectured at the Johannesburg Technical and Vocational College and participated in training programmes in Sandton.

His career gave him flexibility. Some of his work could be done remotely. At night, he programmed, and during the day, he lectured students. He worked this way for almost three years as a trainee, lecturer, and programmer. “I enjoyed teaching,” Stanley says. “The more you teach, the more you learn. The more you learn, the more you realise how much you still need to learn.”

Transaction advisers and other agencies facilitating the ongoing Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC) initial public offering (IPO) are in line for a Sh3 billion fees windfall, highlighting the lucrative payday accruing to intermediaries who arrange large capital market deals.

The fees, to be paid from the government’s gross proceeds of Sh106.31 billion from the sale of a 65 percent stake in KPC, will be shared among a variety of firms, including receiving banks, stockbrokers, investment banks and a shares registrar.

Others are law firms, a reporting accountant, advertising and public relations agencies. The offeror will also pay listing and approval fees to the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) and the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) respectively.

For the KPC offer, the fees are equivalent to 2.8 percent of the IPO’s targeted amount of Sh106.31 billion. In the previous large State IPOs such as Safaricom and KenGen, issuance fees were between four and five percent of the proceeds.

The government is seeking to offload 11.81 billion KPC shares at a price of Sh9 per unit through the public offer. The IPO opened on Monday, and will close on February 19, 2026.

Disclosures in the IPO’s information memorandum show that stockbrokers and investment banks will take the bulk of the fees at Sh1.59 billion -in placement fees for processing the expected applications from thousands of their clients in their role as selling agents.

The fees paid per broker depend on the value of IPO shares they process, with the cumulative total capped by law at 1.5 percent of the offer size.

The issuer has enlisted 22 intermediaries to handle the sale, including Faida Investment Bank as the lead transaction adviser, Dyer and Blair Investment Bank as the lead sponsoring broker and Francis Drummond as co-sponsoring broker.

On top of its share of placement fees, Faida is being paid Sh98.6 million for leading the transaction, and will also be in line for more millions via a provision for a success fee of one percent plus 16 percent VAT on gross proceeds of funds raised in the IPO.

A success fee is a performance-based commission paid out to an underwriter or adviser upon the successful closing of a deal, incentivising them to market the transaction.

Dyer and Blair and Francis Drummond will meanwhile share Sh2.75 million as the sponsoring brokers, the disclosures show.

Image Registrars, which is acting as the data processing agent and registrar of the offer, is being paid a total of Sh70.35 million, of which Sh28.3 million is advisory fees and Sh42.05 million is reimbursable costs.

The offer has enlisted three receiving banks, which will be paid Sh16.35 million. The Co-operative Bank of Kenya will earn Sh9.96 million, KCB Bank Limited Sh3.6 million and Stanbic Bank Sh2.78 million.

The transaction’s legal advisers TripleOKLaw Advocates and G and A Advocates LLP will receive a fee of Sh31.9 million, while PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP will be paid Sh13.45 million as the reporting accountants for the IPO.

Kenya has always been a trading nation. From the dhow routes of the coast to the modern container ships in Mombasa, we have long understood a simple truth: when goods move smoothly, economies grow. When they do not, everyone pays – businesses, consumers, and government alike.

For Kenya to compete, regionally, under the EAC and Comesa, and at continental level under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), transport projects should be developed with the multimodal advantage in mind. This is the ability to move cargo using two or more modes of transport- sea, rail, road, and air – under one coordinated logistics chain.

The benefits include; lower cost per tonne-kilometre (especially when rail and sea do the heavy lifting); faster and more predictable delivery times; reduced cargo handling and loss; better access for landlocked and frontier markets; and a smaller carbon footprint.

For Kenya to enjoy the full benefits of infrastructure like more developed nations there is need to build connected infrastructure assets to support a seamless flow – from berth to warehouse to factory to border.

Kenya is uniquely positioned to continue playing a leading role in East Africa’s logistics with Mombasa port being the primary gateway for the Northern Corridor – serving not just Kenya, but Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Eastern DRC and South Sudan.

Nairobi is also a natural logistics and financial hub with the aviation network supporting high-value, time-sensitive exports like horticulture and pharmaceuticals. Kenya also has the opportunity to develop a second major gateway at Lamu, purpose-built for the next era of regional commerce.

The Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (Lapsset) Corridor is not just a Kenyan infrastructure concept. It is a regional economic rewire for Kenya, Ethiopia and South Sudan, designed to open up new growth zones, unlock trade, and reduce the ”distance penalty’ that makes African trade too expensive.

If implemented with discipline, Lapsset has the potential to; create an integrated logistics spine from the Indian Ocean to the heart of Eastern Africa; catalyse Special Economic Zones and industrial clusters along the corridor; and offer an alternative and complementary route for regional trade flows, easing pressure and risk concentration on a single gateway in the current arrangement.

It is not just about moving containers; it’s about moving value: manufactured goods, processed foods, fertiliser, building materials, textiles, and technology-enabled services.

The business opportunities in AfCFTA, will only be realised by countries that can deliver goods faster, cheaper, and more reliably across borders. To scale its value chains, Kenya needs a combination of road, rail, air and see transport.

To make multimodal a reality with Lapsset, Kenya needs to; build the logistics hubs and not just the links. Ports, rail and highways need to connect to inland container depots and dry ports; logistics parks and warehousing; Special Economic Zones/industrial parks with last-mile connectivity; and cold-chain infrastructure (especially for exports and food security).

Kenya also needs to pay attention to soft infrastructure issues that undermine competitiveness including; border friction and inconsistent procedures; paperwork and manual processes and avoidable inspections; fragmented agency coordination; and security and cargo integrity risks.

Digitisation, single-window platforms, harmonised border processes, and corridor-wide performance standards are not glamorous – they attract trade and catalyse additional economic activity.

Designing transport corridors that attract investment-grade capital is also key including electrified freight rail where viable; energy-smart ports and logistics hubs; clear carbon-reduction pathways and reporting; credible community benefit frameworks; and PPP structures that investors can actually price.

Kenya has a real opportunity to be the logistics and industrial gateway of Eastern Africa – not by building the biggest assets, but by building the smartest system. Multimodal transport can help reduce the cost of doing business, strengthen regional integration, and compete under AfCFTA.

French soldiers who commit crimes in Kenya would neither face the death penalty nor be sentenced locally under a proposed defence deal between Kenya and France that is awaiting approval by the National Assembly.

The Defence Co-operation Agreement (DCA), tabled in Parliament by Defence Cabinet Secretary Roselinda Soipan Tuya, seeks to grant visiting French forces diplomatic-style privileges under a new cooperation framework. The National Assembly has invited public’s input before the agreement can be ratified.

However, the immunity being sought-including protection from capital punishment for serious crimes and exemption from local sentencing by the visiting soldiers-is likely to raise fears of abuse and impunity.

The proposal recalls past cases involving foreign troops, including the killing of a Kenyan woman in Nanyuki by a visiting British soldier.

Ms Tuya tabled the agreement on November 19 last year.

‘Should the offence committed by a member of the Visiting Forces or a dependant be punishable by death by the courts of the Host Nation, or by a sentence which runs contrary to the international commitments of the Sending Nation, surrender by the Sending Nation shall be subject to assurances that such sentence will neither be sought nor imposed, or, if imposed, shall not be enforced,’ reads the agreement.

Under Kenya’s Penal Code, offences such as murder, treason, and robbery with violence are punishable by death upon conviction. Kenya, however, has not executed in decades.

Human rights records show that the last executions were conducted in 1987, when leaders of the failed 1982 coup attempt were hanged. Since then, despite courts continuing to impose death sentences for capital offences, no execution has been carried out under Kenyan law.

The proposed agreement further provides that visiting soldiers convicted by Kenyan courts may serve their sentences in their home country.

‘In the event of the conviction of a member of the Visiting Forces or a dependant by the courts of the Host Nation, the competent authorities of the Host Nation shall give sympathetic consideration to a request for the sentence to be carried out in the Sending Nation,’ the agreement states.

In December last year, the National Assembly approved a report by the Defence, Intelligence and Foreign Relations Committee on the inquiry into the conduct of the British Army Training Unit Kenya (Batuk).

The committee recommended the immediate ratification of a defence cooperation agreement between Kenya and the United Kingdom following the expiry of the 2015 DCA in 2021, which left legal gaps in the framework governing Batuk’s operations.

France does not maintain a permanent military base or training unit in Kenya, unlike the British Army Training Unit Kenya. Traditionally, Kenya-France defence ties have concentrated on joint naval exercises, maritime security cooperation, and training of Kenyan naval officers.

Kenya and France have previously engaged in defence cooperation, including joint naval training exercises dating back to 2004.

During one such exercise, the French naval vessel La Boudeuse docked at the Port of Mombasa with equipment, while Kenyan naval officers were sponsored for further training in France.

The vessel is among French Navy patrol boats involved in maritime security operations, including protection of exclusive economic zones and embargo enforcement.

One of the key provisions of the proposed Kenya-France DCA obligates Kenya to accord visiting foreign forces specified privileges, immunities, and logistical support while operating in the country under agreed defence activities.

In a memorandum to Parliament, Ms Tuya noted that although Kenyan civil courts ordinarily have primary jurisdiction to try visiting forces for offences committed under Kenyan law, this position could be altered by treaty.

‘This jurisdiction may be modified by an agreement that grants the visiting force’s own authorities the primary or exclusive right to try their members,’ she said.

She added that if a member of a visiting force has already been tried by their home country’s service court for the same offence, they cannot be retried in Kenya, and any Kenyan court must take into account any sentence already imposed.

Kenya’s Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) remains one of the most ambitious education reforms in recent memory. Designed to replace the entrenched 8-4-4 system, it seeks to shift learning from rote memorisation to mastery of competencies such as critical thinking, creativity, communication and problem-solving.

Nearly a decade after its phased rollout began, CBC stands at a crossroads-praised for its progressive vision but weighed down by persistent implementation gaps.

On the positive side, CBC has registered notable milestones. Government data shows that 97 per cent of learners who completed Grade Six in 2025 transitioned to Junior Secondary School (JSS) in 2026, signalling near-universal compliance with the new progression framework. This reflects growing uptake and institutional acceptance of the curriculum within the public education system.

The Ministry of Education and key stakeholders have also convened national and county-level dialogues to review CBC progress and address emerging challenges.

These forums have provided platforms for the Kenya I and the Kenya National Examinations Council to clarify reforms, refine transition guidelines and strengthen instructional support.

However, significant systemic challenges continue to strain implementation. Issues raised recently by education stakeholders in Bomet County-including acute teacher shortages, inadequate infrastructure and limited learning resources-mirror concerns across the country.

Thousands of teaching posts remain unfilled, while many schools lack Grade 9 classrooms required for the CBC transition. Teacher preparedness remains a critical weak link. Despite government recruitment drives and retraining programmes, many educators still lack sufficient skills in competency-based pedagogy, ICT integration and modern teaching approaches.

As a result, some revert to traditional methods that CBC was designed to move away from, undermining its core objectives.

Parents and communities have also expressed scepticism, compounded by policy oscillations and inconsistent directives, such as shifting positions on compulsory subjects like mathematics.

While critics argue that these execution flaws overshadow CBC’s vision, proponents maintain that large-scale reforms inevitably face friction.

As Kenya moves toward full transition to senior school, the curriculum’s success will depend on aligning ambition with operational reality through better resourcing, clearer policy signals and sustained capacity building.

UK-backed Financial Sector Deepening Africa (FSD Africa) is lining up a new debt fund to help mobilise between $64 million (Sh8.25 billion) and $77 million (Sh9.93 billion) for lending to small and medium enterprises in Kenya.

The firm says in a newly published Impact Report 2025 that it wants to narrow the financing gap for small businesses through a Kenya SME debt fund, which will be structured to mobilise capital from local institutional investors such as pension funds and insurers.

The Kenya-specific debt fund will build on FSD’s Africa Private Equity and Debt Programme, which was set up targeting to develop investment funds focused on SMEs in Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda.

FSD says it is going to put an initial first-loss tranche of about $6.8 million (about Sh876.99 million) in the Kenya SME debt fund to de-risk domestic institutional investors. The fund will target to support over 3,000 SMEs in Kenya.

‘We’ll soon be launching the Kenya SME Debt Fund, a new financial architecture with the same aim [promoting financing for SMEs in local currency],’ said FSD in the report published last week.

‘We’ve deployed $6.8 million of capital to the fund, in a ‘first-loss’ position. By designing a mechanism to absorb initial risks, we’re helping to de-risk the asset class for local pension funds.’

The fund will create a risk-sharing mechanism to encourage pension and insurance funds -traditionally cautious about SME credit- to allocate a greater share of their portfolios to this segment.

SMEs are acknowledged as critical drivers of employment and economic resilience in Kenya but face challenges such as high borrowing costs and limited access to institutional funding.

FSD Africa’s report notes that conventional lenders often cite collateral constraints and perceived risk as barriers to lending to smaller enterprises, emphasising the need for innovative financing structures.

‘This gap exists because MSMEs are often seen as too large for microfinance, yet too small or risky for traditional capital. Bank lending requires a high level of collateral and involves prohibitive interest rates, while equity investment demands a more certain revenue stream and a proven track record,’ said FSD.

The Kenya SME Debt Fund will be complemented by other initiatives including FSDAi Nyala Facility, a $12 million (Sh1.55 billion) fund designed to finance alternative local capital providers that finance early-stage and growth-oriented businesses across several African markets.

The FSDAi Nyala Facility has provided capital to a portfolio of women-led investment managers in Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda, according to FSD.

The facility has helped mobilise about $9.4 million (Sh1.2 billion).

FSD has been keen on initiatives supporting small businesses to access capital in Africa. Last year, FSD announced the setting up of a $30 million (Sh3.89 billion) fund aimed at supporting insurance startups to scale their operations and accelerate the uptake of insurance products across the continent.

The fund, called Inclusive Insurtech Investment Fund (3iF), is expected to support promising early- and growth-stage insurtechs to develop affordable insurance products to reach underserved households and small businesses.

Hundreds of thousands of Africans still travel abroad for medical treatment every year. Many do so not because expertise is lacking on the continent, but because of a deeply rooted perception that high-quality care is unavailable at home.

This belief carries a heavy emotional and economic cost for families, health systems and Africa’s long-term development.

According to a 2024 Afrobarometer survey, about 70 percent of Kenyan youth aged 18-35 are dissatisfied with primary healthcare services.

Public and private players across the continent therefore must do more-not only to provide quality care, but also to deliberately build trust in African healthcare systems.

One effective way of building this trust is through independent, external accreditation of hospitals. Accreditation is more than a badge or certificate; it is a system-level promise to patients that the care they receive is benchmarked against the best in the world, and that they do not have to travel thousands of miles to receive it.

Last month, Aga Khan University Hospital received its fifth accreditation from the Joint Commission International (JCI), widely regarded as the gold standard in healthcare quality and patient safety.

When the hospital first attained this milestone in 2013, becoming the first in East Africa to be accredited, it was not because patients asked for it, regulators required it or insurers demanded it, but because it was the right thing to do for patients and for the health system we serve.

Choosing external accreditation is choosing accountability. It means opening every part of the hospital-leadership, clinical quality, safety systems, infection control, training and governance-to rigorous, independent evaluation.

In the case of JCI, this involves meeting 261 standards and nearly 1,200 measurable elements, a demanding and sometimes uncomfortable process that is costly, time-consuming and intensive.

Yet it is precisely this rigour that gives accreditation its value.

For patients and their families, it makes trust tangible by assuring them that care is consistent and evidence-based, safety is embedded in every process, and risks related to medication and infection are tightly controlled.

Quality is no longer dependent on individual effort alone; it is embedded in the hospital’s systems and independently verified.

For staff, accreditation provides structure, clarity and shared purpose. It aligns nurses, physicians, pharmacists, technologists and support teams around common standards, strengthens teamwork and validates their expertise against global benchmarks. Most importantly, it creates a culture where continuous improvement is a daily habit rather than an occasional exercise.

The more African hospitals that pursue accreditation the more patients will choose to seek treatment within the continent. Africa has the expertise; what must be strengthened is confidence in our systems and people. When hospitals commit to global standards, we reshape the narrative of healthcare in Africa, retain talent and reduce the need for costly medical travel abroad.

Liberty Kenya Holdings expects its profit for the year ended December 2025 to fall by at least 25 percent, hit by increased claims payout, the sale of operations in Tanzania and a reduction in investment returns.

The projected decline in earnings has seen the Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed insurer issue a profit warning. This means that the earnings will fall by at least a quarter from the Sh1.37 billion posted in the year ended 2024, which was 2.2 times higher than the Sh631 million realised in 2023.

‘Based on preliminary unaudited consolidated financial results, the board of the company wishes to announce that the consolidated earnings after tax for the year ended December 31, 2025 are likely to be at least 25 percent lower than the audited earnings after tax for the year ended December 31, 2024,’ said the company in a statement.

Organisers, brokers, and buyers at the regional tea auction in Mombasa have been directed to deposit cash proceeds from sales expressly in the bank accounts of 54 Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) managed factories within 14 days after the transactions.

The move comes after it emerged that factories run by KTDA Management Services Limited have registered with the auction organisers, through the management agent, in violation of the Tea Act, 2020.

Affected factories have been given until January 24, 2026, to register with the auction and the board, that they have access to electronic trading platforms, so as to ensure oversight and monitoring of auction proceedings.

TBK chief executive officer, Williy Mutai said some brokers and auction organisers channeled the proceeds through management agencies.

The move, he said, was against regulations and measures must be put in place and observed in full.

‘Section 36 (2) of the Tea Act 2020 requires all tea factory limited companies to register directly with the board (TBK) and the auction organiser in order to participate in the tea auction, and not through management agents,’ Mr Mutai said in a memo to KTDA and tea brokers.

According to section 36 (3) of the Act, the auction organiser is required to establish an electronic trading platform that is usable and accessible to all players in the tea value chains.

‘Section 26 (5) of the Act requires tea brokers, buyers, and the auction organisers to ensure that proceeds from the sale of tea are remitted to tea factory accounts within 14 days from the date of the auction,’ Mr Mutai clarified.

Mr Mutai said TBK shall undertake routine inspection and compliance audits to assess adherence to the directives and other applicable provisions of the Tea Act, 2020.

Those who would not comply will face penalties.

The memo dated January 16, 2026, is copied to Cabinet Secretary for Agriculture Mutahi Kagwe, Principal Secretary at the Ministry Paul Kipronoh Rono, KTDA Holding Limited chairman Chege Kirundi, East Africa Tea Trade Association (EATTA) chairman George Omuga, and the KTDA Management Services Limited Managing Director Collins Bett.

The tea industry faces a myriad of challenges, including a glut at the Mombasa tea auction, mainly caused by political upheavals in traditional market destinations for Kenyan.

KTDA has lately been forced to undertake management reforms due to dwindling earnings by the growers, the latest being a drop of Sh20.6 billion in payment to the farmers in the 2024-2025 financial year.

Mr Kirundi said the drop in payment was attributed to market forces and the shilling to dollar exchange rate dynamics in the year under review.

KTDA paid Sh69 billion in the year under review (2024/2025), for the growers supplying their produce to factories managed by the agency, as compared with Sh89.29 billion paid the previous financial year.

KTDA is embracing value addition in its factories with special focus on orthodox tea to grow farmer earnings.

with huge market openings in Japan, Russia, China, Germany, Iran, France, and countries in the Middle East and Eastern Europe.

Kenya is dependent on black CTC (Cut, Tear and Curl) tea to feed its traditional export market outlets, which include Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Sudan, Kazakhstan, and Poland.

New market outlets are – China, India, Korea, Australia, Switzerland, Iran, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, and Morocco.

The government is racing to bridge skills shortages in the hospitality and travel industry as it bids to position Kenya as a top destination in Africa for high-value segments such as meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE).

Tourism officials reckon that human capital gaps in culinary arts, cruise services, hospitality and events management are undermining service quality and forcing some hotels to import basic products such as bread.

About Sh300 million in government loans has been wired to tourism students in various universities and colleges in the first year of operationalising Tourism Training Revolving Fund (TTRF), a sector-specific loan facility, administered by the Tourism Fund (TF).

The tourism student loan scheme is being positioned as a critical pillar in supporting the target of growing annual tourist arrivals from the current 2.5 million to five million, largely via the MICE segment.

TF Board of Trustees chairperson Samson Some said the country cannot achieve its tourism ambitions without a deliberate, data-driven approach to skills development.

‘The idea here is when the destination will be receiving five million visitors, we need our systems here- our hotels, tour operators and airlines – to be ready to serve and give a premium experience,’ Mr Some said in an interview. ‘We cannot fix these gaps organically but through scientific processes where we plan, train and finance skills scientifically.’

The revolving fund was operationalised late 2024, more than a decade since it was provided for in the Tourism Act, 2011 and facilitative regulations of 2015.

TF says more than 3,800 students have tapped loans from the fund which operates on a model similar to the Higher Education Loans Board (HELB).

Students apply online through the Tourism Fund portal after securing admission to approved institutions, with funds disbursed using HELB’s existing infrastructure. Repayment begins once beneficiaries secure employment.

Mr Some said the fund’s sustainability rests on the tourism sector’s capacity to absorb labour.

‘The biggest challenge with loan recovery in this country has been unemployment,’ he said. ‘Once people are working, repayment is not a problem.’

The State-backed funding for tourism training comes amid a reported shortage in some critical skills such as pastry and bakery production, weakening productivity and service quality as tourism rebounds.

TF reckons that lack of adequate certified pastry professionals has contributed to the importation of bread by major establishments.

‘We are importing bread into this country because we don’t have enough certified pastry experts,’ Mr Some said. ‘That should worry all of us.’

Cruise services certification processes, he adds, have lagged international standards, while events management has operated without a nationally recognised framework.

Besides the student loan scheme, TF says it has also expanded Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), a certification programme guided by the Technical and Vocational Education and Training Authority (TVETA) that formally recognises skills acquired through work experience.

More than 7,000 tourism workers have been certified through RPL since 2023, improving their productivity, employability and earning potential. Some have secured jobs abroad, particularly in the Middle East.

‘Certification has opened doors for many who were already working but lacked papers,’ Mr Some said, adding that Kenya is engaging countries such as Germany on structured labour export arrangements for certified tourism workers.