Category: Business Mirror

Emperor Meiji first visited the site that would become one of Japan’s most controversial shrines in 1874. He vowed that the names of those who died for their country would live there forever.

More than 2.4 million people are now honored at Yasukuni, a memorial and Shinto shrine in central Tokyo. Among them are 14 war criminals who are also commemorated each Aug. 15, when Japan’s surrender ended World War II.

The shrine provides spiritual comfort for some who mourn relatives and others who visit to express gratitude. Yet for Asian countries that endured Japanese imperial rule and expansion, Yasukuni remains a symbol of Japan’s militarism.

Visits by Japanese leaders frequently draw criticism from China and South Korea, which see them as a sign of insufficient remorse for Japan’s wartime aggression.

Here’s a look at the history and religious background of a shrine that is both a sacred place of remembrance and a source of controversy.

Yasukuni’s foundation followed a historic transformation

Imperial rule was restored in Japan in the 19th century after the fall of a military government that ruled for more than 250 years. A year into the new imperial era, in 1869, Emperor Meiji ordered the construction of the shrine that would later be renamed Yasukuni.

The name derives from two Japanese characters that can be translated as ‘peaceful country,’ and its purpose was to honor those who fell defending the imperial cause.

‘Yasukuni Shrine was initially conceived as a way to send a message to the Japanese people,’ said Akiko Takenaka, a professor of history at the University of Kentucky. ‘The message was about the emperor; the message was about a new Japan.’

In that Japan, Takenaka added, Meiji became the one who could bestow the highest honor on those who died fighting for the empire and men were expected to consider it an honor to sacrifice their lives for him.

Religion and government became intertwined

Japan’s emperors have long been regarded as descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu under Shinto beliefs. However, the notion of the emperor’s divine origins strengthened during the Meiji era, when the concept of State Shinto arose.

On one hand, that meant the government exercised control over the shrine’s practices and finances. Beyond that, the line between patriotism and religion blurred.

‘The Meiji reformers believed that they were establishing an ideal nation in which the people and the sacred emperor maintained a spiritual union,’ wrote Susumu Shimazono, a scholar specializing in religion and modern Japan, in the Japanese Journal of Religious Studies.

The separation of religion and state came after Japan’s surrender in WWII.

In December 1945, U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur issued an order that abolished State Shinto. The measure effectively cut off government funding for shrines and removed Shinto practices and teachings from public institutions.

Yasukuni subsequently became a private religious corporation. Official visits have raised questions about the constitutional separation of religion and government.

Enshrinement at Yasukuni has long stirred controversy

Yasukuni is not a cemetery. Rather than bodies or graves, those remembered there are enshrined as ‘kami’-divinities or sacred spirits in the Shinto tradition.

They include soldiers, women who provided battlefield relief, students mobilized to support wartime production, and foreign nationals who died while serving Japan.

Yasukuni’s most controversial kami are 14 Class-A war criminals, a designation applied to Japanese leaders accused of ‘crimes against peace’ by planning and waging the war. Among them is wartime Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, one of the masterminds behind the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Their enshrinement was carried out in secret by Yasukuni’s head priest in 1978, three years after Hirohito last prayed at the shrine.

‘Emperor Hirohito did not go again after he found out,’ said Mark R. Mullins, professor of Japanese and religious studies at the University of Auckland. ‘He didn’t want to get caught up in criticism surrounding that.’

Hirohito’s successors have sent emissaries to Yasukuni for its key annual rites, but neither has visited the shrine in person as emperor.

Other controversial enshrinements include Buddhists, Christians, Koreans and Taiwanese whose families say they were included without their consent, Mullins said.

Some have taken legal action, but Japanese courts have rejected efforts to have relatives removed from the shrine.

Yasukuni means different things to different people

‘For some of those in the bereaved families’ association, the focus may be on the personal grief,’ Mullins said. ‘But for those who are keen to restore what they feel was lost by the loss of the war and the foreign occupation, it means something more.’

Adjacent to the shrine is the Yushukan Museum, which displays wartime artifacts. Scholars have underscored how its account of Japan’s military history leaves out the experiences of China and Korea under Japanese imperialism.

‘By eliminating the enemy, the Yushukan remembers a war that was only ever glorious,’ wrote John Breen, a professor at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, in a paper called ‘Yasukuni Shrine: Ritual and Memory.’

Some visitors say paying respects at Yasukuni carries a spiritual meaning that should not be equated with endorsing war.

Kana Shindo, a member of Tokyo’s Minato City Assembly, said she regards the shrine as a place where she purifies her mind, gives thanks to the kami and reflects on herself.

‘I have absolutely no intention of glorifying war,’ said Shindo, who added that politicians also have freedom of religion and conscience. ‘I visit because I believe that the peaceful Japan in which we live today exists upon the lives and accumulated history of the people who lived before us.’

Bereaved families maintain ties to Yasukuni

Before leaving for war, Japanese soldiers were told that if they died, they would be enshrined at Yasukuni.

‘They told their families: ‘I want you to come see me at Yasukuni Shrine,” said Toshiei Mizuochi, president of the Japan War-Bereaved Families Association.

His father, who served in the Japanese navy, was killed in a bombing six days before the end of the war, on Aug. 9, 1945.

More than 2.4 million Japanese soldiers died overseas during WWII. The remains of approximately 1 million have yet to be recovered.

‘For that reason, the vast majority of bereaved families who received neither remains nor personal belongings believe that the spirits of the war dead are at Yasukuni Shrine,’ Mizuochi said.

Relatives like him visit Yasukuni beyond Aug. 15. They attend major ceremonies, commemorate death anniversaries and report family milestones-entering school, starting a job, getting married or having a child.

‘I visit Yasukuni Shrine more times than I can count in a year,’ Mizuochi said. ‘Every time I put my hands together in prayer, the face of my father in his portrait naturally comes to mind.’

White sugar futures in London rose for a third straight week, slightly outpacing raw sugar and keeping refining margins near their highest levels in two years.

A blistering rally, mirroring other crop markets at risk from El Niño, has both raw and white sugar up more than 10 percent so far this month. But prices for the processed sweetener rose more this week as raw supplies remain abundant in top producer and exporter Brazil, prolonging a trend this year of a widening premium for refined sugar over raw.

The most-active white sugar contract fell on Friday but still gained more than 1 percent this week.

The spread is a key gauge of refining profitability, with levels above $100 a ton typically providing a strong incentive to keep processing. White sugar’s premium settled near $150 a ton early last month before falling, but has started to rise again in recent trading sessions.

Both raw and white sugar markets have surged this month as potentially the strongest El Niño in decades threatens top producers. Supporting interest in refined sugar, the outlook is particularly stark in Europe-where multiple heat waves have parched crops, including the continent’s sugar beets that are processed directly into white sugar. Europe’s sugar output may fall to the lowest in more than a decade as a result.

‘There had been hope that perhaps the EU might see some relief before they begin harvesting beets, but instead, they get yet another heat wave,’ said Mike McDougall, an analyst at McDougall Global View.

Analysts are increasingly expecting tighter supplies in the 2026-27 season that starts in October. And the global shortfall may widen further in the 2027-28 season on lower cane and beet plantings, according to Czarnikow analyst Gerard Horner.

Open interest has also risen alongside prices, suggesting the moves aren’t driven solely by speculators covering bearish bets, but also by new buying, according to Paris-based brokerage Deepcore.

Hedge funds were more bullish on white sugar than any other period on record over the week ending August 11, according to data released after market close. The shift was driven in large part by speculators opening new long positions rather than closing existing shorts.

Still, challenges remain for the market, especially for raw sugar. Brazilian raw sugar remains plentiful, and subdued import demand has left supplies available in the near term. The recent price gains also mean that sugar commands a sizable premium over ethanol, which may incentivize mills to produce more of the sweetener.

In other softs, arabica futures fluctuated on Friday. A deadly earthquake this week in Colombia, the world’s second largest producer of the premium bean, has upended trading logistics at a time when stockpiles are already low. But the country has since partly resumed coffee exports through the Buenaventura port.

SANTIAGO, Chile-On patches of grass beneath the trees, using bamboo poles and strands of steel wire, dreams took shape.

For Jello Andrea Mauricio and Taj Arkhea Teves, the volleyball journey began on courts far removed from the bright lights and regulation floors of the international stage. Frances Dianne Ramos had a somewhat better start, getting to play on concrete, but her path was no less difficult.

Now those dreams have carried them thousands of miles from Manila to the edge of the world, onto the bright lights of Parque Estadio National, competing against the best from across the globe in the FIVB Volleyball Girls U17 World championship.

And they have made history.

The Alas Pilipinas Girls are guaranteed a place in the top 16, securing the best finish by any Philippine volleyball team in any world meet.

From the municipality of Aurora in the province of Isabela, Mauricio has risen from makeshift courts to one of the biggest stages of youth volleyball.

One of the youngest in the national team at 14, Mauricio has provided a spark off the bench, bringing energy and keeping the right side as another scoring threat.

Her eyes welled as she recalled her tough beginnings, from her early days at Aurora Central School to her rise at San Felipe Neri Catholic School and now the world meet.

‘I’m really proud because I used to be just a girl from the province who dreamt of playing in the leagues I only watched on TV and social media. From provincial meets to the Palarong Pambansa, I have been so blessed po to meet people who supported me and helped improve my game. I got to bring my game to Manila and now I’m here in the world championship,’ Mauricio said.

At 13, Teves is the youngest of the 14-player Alas Pilipinas U17.

Initially a libero for this squad, Teves moved to the wing after just one match as coaches adjusted to the competition and converted outside hitter Nadeth Herbon into a floor defender.

Her role changed, but Teves’s easy smile remained.

Teves, from Barangay Pinayagan Sur in Tubigon, Bohol, has been tapped by the University of Santo Tomas and now provides stability on the back row for Alas Pilipinas.

‘I’m just proud to be here,’ the Region VII star said.

Ramos, also a Palarong Pambansa product, is now with the National University program, but stressed that she remains proud to carry the name of St. Michael College of Caraga wherever she goes.

‘We’re proud to have this opportunity and proud contribute whatever we can to the team, however small,’ the 15-year-old Ramos said.

‘I’m proud to represent the country, and being able to continue my journey as a national team player from the Asian U16 [in Amman, Jordan],’ she added.

Alas Pilipinas U17 assistant coach Wynne Bernardo under scored the need for stronger grassroots support.

‘There’s so much talent out there, where courts are just makeshift and ther’es very little support. When they organize games, their coaches practically beg for support because there’s no budget,’ Bernardo said.

‘So is we can increase support for grassroots volleyball, we can assemble stronger teams in the future. Look how far these kids have gone. With hard work, it’s possible. That’s why I’m so proud of this team.’

The Alas Pilipinas Girls also boast Sharina Lleses of King’s Montessori School, National University’s Xyz Ellen Rayco, Irish Mahinay, Jhaynna Love Bulandres and Princess Khaira Manzano, Ateneo’s Resty Olaguir and Jhenica Sadia, Megan Yesha Hernandez of UST, Nadeth Herbon of Leyte National High School, Christina Madela Gale of Bacolod Tay Tung and Caera Celis of St. John’s Institute in Bacolod.

THE Philippines’s joining the club of upper middle income countries is spurring not just a push to reassess the yardsticks it uses for determining poverty and quality of life. It has triggered a desperate push to expand sources of economic growth in a country that prides itself in its demographic advantage and highly exportable labor force, but is stuck in the early phases of industrialization.

Can the country ever truly seize the initiative? It has no choice, the chief economist said before the weekend

There’s no question that the Philippines needs to diversify its sources of growth as it seeks to accelerate its climb toward high-income status, according to Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Arsenio M. Balisacan.

‘We need to diversify the sources of our growth to include, on the demand side, more investment and exports, and on the supply side, industry and agriculture,’ Balisacan said during the Economic Journalists’ Association of the Philippines (Ejap) economic forum on Friday.

He noted that Philippine growth over the past 15 years has been largely supported by household consumption, fueled in part by remittances and the information technology-business process management (IT-BPM) sector.

This contrasts with neighboring economies that have drawn growth from a broader mix of consumption, investment, and exports, Balisacan said.

‘We have been very successful in the first one, consumption, but quite comparatively poor in relation to the investment and exports,’ he said.

The weakness in investment has become more evident in recent quarters.

Gross capital formation, the investment component of the economy, contracted by 9.2 percent in the first quarter of 2026, reversing the 0.91-percent growth recorded a year earlier.

The Department of Economy, Planning, and Development (DEPDev) earlier said investment remained under pressure in the second quarter as delays in public infrastructure spending continued to weigh on economic activity (See: https://businessmirror.com.ph/2026/08/13/public-infra-could-have-yielded-5-growth-in-q2/).

The economy grew by only 2.3 percent in the second quarter, slower than the 2.8-percent expansion in the first quarter and bringing first-half growth to an average of 2.6 percent.

Balisacan also pointed to the economy’s increasingly services-heavy structure, with industry playing a smaller role in growth.

He said the Philippine economy is ‘behaving like a rich country,’ where services account for an increasingly large share of economic activity even though the country still has room to industrialize.

This was evident in the second quarter, when services contributed 2.8 percentage points to the country’s 2.3-percent GDP growth. Agriculture contributed another 0.2 percentage point, while industry dragged overall growth by 0.7 percentage point.

Balisacan, however, emphasized that the Philippines has not exhausted industrialization as a source of growth and could still strengthen industry while revitalizing agriculture to broaden the economy’s productive base.

The government’s push to broaden these growth engines comes as the Philippines moves from upper-middle-income status toward its longer-term ambition of becoming a high-income economy.

Balisacan said a faster growth pace would help shorten that transition.

The country’s chief economist compared the country’s trajectory with Malaysia, which is already nearing the high-income threshold after growing by around 4.6 percent annually, and Chile, which grew by around 8 percent and took 19 years to move above the high-income threshold.

He said that if the Philippines sustains its 5.1-percent average growth over the past 15 years, it could reach the threshold faster than Malaysia did.

‘If we sustain that, we’ll be able to cross that threshold at a faster time than Malaysia. But we need to grow much faster to become as close as Chile,’ he said.

Beyond expanding investment, exports, and industry, Balisacan said raising productivity would be crucial to sustaining faster growth over the longer term.

While the Philippines has accumulated more capital over the years, he said capital deepening remains ‘shallow,’ meaning the stock of productive capital has not increased sufficiently relative to the labor force.

As a result, labor productivity has not risen as quickly as in neighboring economies such as Vietnam.

‘In the longer term, it is really productivity growth, fueled by innovation that drives GDP growth,’ Balisacan said.

He also pointed to the need to upskill workers as emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, reshape industries and the labor market.

Meanwhile, even as it has just attained UMIC status, the country still must reckon with the unrealistic parameters of its poverty-determining system, according to a former national statistician. The Philippines’s entry into the UMIC bracket should prompt a reassessment of whether the country’s poverty standard still reflects the living conditions expected of a more affluent economy, according to former National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Secretary General Jose Ramon G. Albert.

This comes as the initial monthly poverty threshold for a family of five rose to P14,600 in 2025, an increase that Albert said appears to largely reflect higher prices rather than a higher standard of basic needs.

‘Official statistics may currently be understating both the number of poor Filipinos and the vulnerability of those just above the threshold,’ Albert earlier told the BusinessMirror.

Earlier this week, National Statistician Claire Dennis S. Mapa confirmed during a House committee hearing that the initial estimate of the poverty threshold, or the minimum income needed to meet basic food and non-food requirements, had risen to P14,600 for a family of five in 2025.

KORONADAL CITY, South Cotabato-Health research in the Philippines should move away from one-size-fits-all solutions and account for the distinct cultural, geographic and socioeconomic realities of communities, particularly those in rural and geographically isolated areas, according to a regional science director.

Regional Director Engr. Sammy P. Malawan, of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) XII and chairman of the Health Research and Development Consortium XII (HRDC-12), said research should generate evidence that explains why health problems persist, why access to care remains unequal, and which interventions work best for specific communities.

‘Sometimes, we already know the problem, but we do not yet have enough evidence for the best solution. Sometimes, there is technology, but it has not reached the people who need it. And sometimes, there is already a solution but it is not sensitive to the culture, economic status, location or community affordability,’ Malawan said partly in Filipino during the opening of the 19th Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS) Week in this city on August 11.

Hosted by HRDC XII from August 11 to 13, the 19th PNHRS Week carried the theme ‘HealthConverge: Transforming Health Research, Connecting Cultures.’

He pointed to the country’s 2024 mortality figures to illustrate the scale of the health burden.

Ischemic heart disease remained the leading cause of death, claiming 134,078 lives, or 19.1 percent of all recorded deaths. Neoplasms, or cancer, accounted for 77,433 deaths, while cerebrovascular diseases caused another 68,736.

Malawan said these figures should also be viewed through the realities faced by communities, including families dealing with lost income, patients struggling with medical expenses and residents in remote areas who travel long distances to access specialized care.

‘The health challenges of South Cotabato may not look exactly the same as those in Metro Manila. The needs of an indigenous community may differ from those of an urban population,’ he emphasized.

This, he said, highlights the need for researchers to consider local conditions, Indigenous knowledge and the experiences of health workers and other stakeholders when identifying problems and developing interventions.

‘National system becomes meaningful only when it listens to what is happening on the ground,’ Malawan said, adding that research should begin by asking communities what they actually need.

Science, technology and innovation, he added, can help translate these needs and research findings into interventions that are practical and accessible.

‘Science helps us understand. Technology gives us the tools. Innovation brings solutions closer to the people,’ he said.

Malawan urged researchers to ‘pursue research that is bold enough to ask difficult questions, humble enough to listen, rigorous enough to produce credible evidence, and practical enough to create change.’

Meanwhile, Science Secretary Renato U. Solidum Jr. said the region’s vibrant cultural heritage highlights the importance of health research that reflects the lived realities and needs of local communities.

‘Our diversity is not divisive. It is one of our greatest strengths in advanced science and technology. It is through these convergences that we transform diversity into discovery and ideas into breakthroughs,’ Solidum said in a recorded keynote message.

‘Meaningful innovations thrive when diverse minds work toward a shared purpose,’ he added.

Solidum also emphasized the role of the National Unified Health Research Agenda in guiding health research and development priorities based on the country’s health needs.

He said the Philippine Health Research Ethics Board helps uphold ethical standards in research involving human participants, while the Regional Health Research and Development Consortia strengthen research capacity at the regional and institutional levels.

He said the PNHRS implementing agencies, through their respective mandates and expertise, work together to align research priorities, build institutional capacity and ensure that scientific evidence is translated into policies and programs.

The DOST, through the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, works with the Department of Health, Commission on Higher Education and the University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health in advancing a more coordinated and responsive health research system.

‘Let us make HealthConverge more than just a theme. Let it guide the way we work across disciplines, sectors, and cultures. Let us remain committed to advancing a health research system that is inclusive, collaborative, and responsive to the needs of the Filipino people,’ Solidum said.

The event brought together researchers, health professionals, policymakers and other stakeholders through discussions, partnership-building activities and research competitions, with a focus on strengthening collaboration and promoting locally responsive health research.

The next PNHRS Week will be held in Calabarzon.

ARTHUR CRAIG PATINO returns to defend his men’s open singles title in the 2026 Gentry National Open Tennis Championships scheduled from August 20 to 30 at the Colegio San Agustin courts in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan.

A total of 1,300 players from around the world are entered in the weeklong competition presented by Honor Philippines-titles are at stake in the men’s and women’s singles and doubles, as well as junior singles categories.

‘Gentry, the biggest tennis open tournament in the Philippines in its second year, gives every player the hope of being recognized and competing against the best,’ Gentry Open and Gentry Timepieces President Hayb ‘Pareng Hayb’ Anzures told a press conference at the BGC on Saturday.

‘There are many Filipino tennis players not just here in the country but also from the United States who are coming to compete in the event, and there are some players around Asia, like in Singapore, who will also see action,’ Anzures said. ‘This is going to be a low-key competition for Filipinos against the world.’

Patino will have his hands full with the country’s No. 1 AJ Lim, who he beat in the final last year, and reigning women’s titlist Tennielle Madis, both coming back.

With Patino in the press conference were Philippine Bottling Beverages General Manager Thor Mutuc, Skywarrior Philippines Yathart Vidrohi Bharwadj, Honor Philippines Vice President Stephen Cheng, and Beauty Elements Ventures Brand Manager Nana Borja.

Anzures announced that a total of P3 million in cash is at stake, with the men’s singles open winner taking home P400,000-an increase from last year’s P300,000- and the women’s open singles winner getting P200,000-double that of last year’s prize.

He added that they are still finalizing other categories before announcing the junior, inter-school, Class B, and legends divisions.

‘We really want to continue our mission of building the future of Philippine tennis, one match at a time,’ Anzures said. ‘We just want to build a sustainable platform at home to give Filipino tennis players more opportunities to compete and develop and inspire the players who will follow them.’

Patino beat Lim in the final, 2-6, 5-7, 6-4, 3-1 (ret.), while Madis defeated Stefi Aludo, 6-2, 6-0, on the women’s side.

ARTHUR CRAIG PATINO returns to defend his men’s open singles title in the 2026 Gentry National Open Tennis Championships scheduled from August 20 to 30 at the Colegio San Agustin courts in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan.

A total of 1,300 players from around the world are enterted in the weeklong competition presented by Honor Philippines-titles are at stake in the men’s and women’s singles and doubles open a ass well junior singles categories.

‘Gentry, the biggest tennis open tournament in the Philippines on its second year, gives every player the hope of being recognized and compete against the best,’ Gentry Open and Gentry Timepieces President Hayb ‘Pareng Hayb’ Anzures told a press conference at the BGC on Saturday.

‘There are many Filipino tennis players not just here in the country but also from the United States who are coming to compete in the event and there are some players around Asia like in Singapore who will also see action,’ Anzures said. ‘This is going to be a low-key competition for Filipinos against the world.’

Patino will have his hands fall with the country’s No. 1 AJ Lim, who he beat in the final last year, also coming back, as well as reigning women’s titlist Tennielle Madis.

With Patino in the press conference were Philippine Bottling Beverages General Manager Thor Mutuc, Skywarrior Philippines Yathart Vidrohi Bharwadj, Honor Philippines Vice President Stephen Cheng, and Beauty Elements Ventures Brand Manager Nana Borja.

Anzures announced that a total of P3 million in cash are stake with the men’s singles open winner taking home P400,000-an increase from last year’s P300,000- and the women’s open singles winner getting P200,000-double that of last year’s prize.

He added that they are still finalizing other categories before making the announcement in the junior, inter-school, Class B and legends divisions.

‘We really want to continue our mission of building the future of Philippine tennis, one match at a time,’ Anzures said. ‘We just want to build a sustainable platform at home to give Filipino tennis players more opportunities to compete and develop and inspire the players who will follow them.’

Patino beat Lim in the final, 2-6, 5-7, 6-4, 3-1 (ret.), while Madis defeated Stefi Aludo, 6-2, 6-0, on the women’s side.

Organizers of the Makati-hosted designers’ bazaar will hold its roadshow event here for the first time early next month, to test the waters of a regular regional swing of the annual event and to discover more talents and designs.

Sisters Bea Zobel Jr. and Sofia Zobel Elizalde, founders of the Designers’ Holiday Bazaar (DHB), said Davao will be the first host of a provincial swing that may likely be the mood of the next DHB events, which were regularly hosted by Makati City.

The Zobel de Ayala sisters brought DHB regular Metro Manila designers as a Bacolod designer was also invited to the Davao event in September 3-6. The event will be hosted by the Ayala-owned Abreeza Mall here.

Proceeds will help support an education initiative that will be piloted in several Davao schools this year.

Tony Lambino, president of Ayala Foundation, said it will replicate here its student assistance program which will span for 12 weeks in its pilot phase for students to double their scores. He said Mayor Sebastian Duterte already assured of his support to the pilot test on students.

Organizers said the DHB will have 26 exhibitors, and about half of them are from Davao.

Some of the local works include bags made of abaca, cloth and other local materials, jewelry, and women gowns and men’s attire and other apparel and accessories.

An international study, led by University of the Philippines (UP) biologists, found out that the movement and habitats of flying foxes can help in land-use planning and conservation strategies that protect both biodiversity and public health.

Flying foxes are large fruit bats that primarily feed on fruits and flowers. They are highly mobile, traveling long distances in search of seasonal food sources. Some have been recorded flying more than 20 kilometers from their sleeping area in a single night to forage, easily crossing islands and even international borders.

Over a year, flying foxes can travel more than 6,000 kilometers, making them among the most far-ranging bats in the world. They often fly too far and too fast for humans to accurately follow their movements.

To better understand how flying foxes move and use different habitats, biologists from the UP Diliman-College of Science’s Institute of Biology (UPD-CS IB), along with other researchers, captured nine flying foxes from three species and fitted them with lightweight GPS collars to track their movements, said Eunice Jean C. Patron of UPD-CS Science Communications.

The flying foxes were the golden-crowned, Acerodon jubatus; the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus; and the small flying fox, P. hypomelanus.

The researchers were Rio Renato Constantino, Czarina Espiritu, Maria Sabrina Tabeta, Simeon Gabriel Bejar, and Dr. Mariano Roy Duya of the UPD-CS IB collaborated with Kirk Taray, Jezryl Jaeger Garcia, Dorothy Mariano, Dr. Mary Grace Dacuma, and Dr. Phillip Alviola of UP Los Baños.

With them were Sophie Borthwick, Dr. Dolyce Low, and Dr. Ian Mendenhall of Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Dr. Eric Laing of Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, USA.

Dr. Catalino Demetria and Dr. Fedelino Malbas of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine were also among the researchers.

‘There’s just not a lot of data about flying fox movements in the Philippines. There have only been two studies about it so far, and both for the same two species [A. jubatus and P. vampyrus] and in the same place [Subic], which forms a fraction of these species’ range. Meanwhile, no such studies have been done for P. hypomelanus at all, anywhere,’ Constantino shared.

While the flying foxes slept, the researchers quietly approached them with handheld antennas to download the GPS movement data from their collars.

Although the limited sample size makes it difficult to generalize the findings to the wider population, the data suggest that A. jubatus and P. vampyrus may travel farther than P. hypomelanus.

They differ in how consistently they return to the same roosts, often revisit their feeding sites, and use a wide range of habitats-including built-up areas and farmlands heavily modified by humans.

Constantino found the elusive flying foxes’ movement patterns a fascinating area of study.

‘By learning where they go, we learn more about their habitat use, what kinds of places they like to frequent. Do they stay in forests? Do they visit cities often?’ he said. ‘At sunset they fly out of the roost and disappear into the night. Where do they go? That’s what we wanted to answer.’

Understanding how flying foxes move across different environments can help inform their conservation and management.

‘They serve a number of important ecological functions, among them seed dispersal. After a flying fox eats fruit, it poops out the seed, often a considerable distance away from the tree where it obtained its meal. In this way, flying foxes help maintain fruiting tree populations and help forest regeneration,’ Constantino explained.

It is important to protect known flying fox roosts and minimize disturbance whenever possible.

‘If you don’t disturb them, they won’t go away; and if you know where they are, you can avoid them,’ Constantino said.

The study can help inform land-use planning and conservation strategies that protect both biodiversity and public health.

The study, ‘Movement patterns of three species of flying foxes across human-modified landscapes in the Philippines,’ was published in Mammalia, an international, multidisciplinary, bimonthly journal devoted to the inventory, analysis, and interpretation of mammalian diversity.

TEAM North will open its title defense in the International Container Terminal Services Inc. Elite Junior Philippine Golf Tour (JPGT) Finals with a simple formula: Play clean, stay patient and keep the pressure on until host South cracks.

But with South armed with a home-course familiarity, a deeper pool of battle-tested qualifiers and a determined bid to avenge last year’s defeat, North knows it cannot afford to take anything for granted when the Ryder Cup-style championship gets under way Tuesday at Pueblo de Oro Golf and Country Club in Cagayan de Oro City.

Coach Joey Anciano has stressed teamwork and smart decision-making as the keys to North’s campaign, particularly in the opening four-ball and foursomes matches where partnerships and momentum can quickly swing the complexion of the competition.

‘Our main focus is teamwork and keeping the pressure on. In both formats, we want our players to play smart, stay patient, and trust their partners,’ Anciano said. ‘But the goal is to play clean golf and let them make the mistakes.’

That approach will be tested immediately as North faces a South side determined to turn its local knowledge into an early lead.

The defending champion North stormed to a commanding 26 1/2-21 1/2 victory over South in last year’s inaugural showdown at The Country Club, and Anciano’s charges are confident they have enough depth and firepower to reprise that performance.

With points at a premium across all age groups, including the 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18 categories, North knows that depth could prove just as important as star power.

‘The great thing about this team is that every single player is strong, so no matter how we order our pairs, we’re confident we can win points from the very first match to the last,’ Anciano said. ‘We’ll save the final order for game day.’