DICT: Co’s allegations unfounded, without basis

‘The DICT (Department of Information and Communications Technology) upholds integrity amid noise and disinformation.’

DICT Secretary Henry Aguda, said this on Thursday after resigned Ako Bicol party-list Rep. Elizaldy Co recently claimed that the DICT was among the list of agencies that allegedly received over P18.7 billion from the supposed P100 billion worth of insertions made in the 2025 national budget.

Co, who previously headed the House appropriations committee, publicized last week a list of alleged insertions, showing that P5 billion of the supposed insertions went to the DICT’s Free Public Internet Access Program, and P1.5 billion was allotted for its eGovernment Systems Development.

According to Aguda, the allegations of Co against the DICT are ‘unfounded’ or without basis.

‘Often, this noise comes from vested interests that have been affected by reforms aimed at cleaning up and fixing the system,’ Aguda emphasized in a statement.

‘At DICT, our mandate is clear: to serve the people and ensure that every Filipino has safe, fast, and reliable digital services. Every day, that is what our officers and staff uphold,’ he noted. Aguda said the DICT will not be affected by the accusations and will instead continue to provide services to Filipinos.

‘We know that when we do the right thing, some will be hurt and some will oppose. Some will try to sabotage to protect their own agendas. That’s how it is when change is real,’ said Aguda.

‘But despite everything, the DICT public servants will remain steadfast. We will not be affected. We will not be swayed. We only have one side in mind, the interest of the Filipino people,’ he added. ‘To the public: thank you very much for your continued trust. In the face of any challenge or sabotage, our promise remains simple, clear, and direct: We will do the right thing. We will do the job. And we will do it for you,’ the DICT chief furthered.

Private sector cites trust in Angara, endorses education 2026 budget

Education Secretary Sonny Angara thanked major business and education groups on Thursday for reaffirming their confidence in the current DepEd leadership, saying their recognition of the Department’s commitment to transparency, data-driven policymaking, and collaboration strengthens efforts to advance key reforms under President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.’s education agenda.

Angara said the renewed show of support follows the groups’ joint endorsement of the proposed P1.38-trillion allocation for the education sector in the 2026 national budget.

The Philippine Business for Education (PBEd), Makati Business Club (MBC), Management Association of the Philippines (MAP), Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations of the Philippines (COCOPEA), and the Association of Foundations noted that sustained confidence in Angara’s reform is crucial to ensuring that increased investments yield meaningful improvements for learners, teachers, and schools. ‘We reiterate our confidence in Sec. Sonny Angara and the current team of DepEd, whose commitment to transparency, data-driven policymaking, and collaboration provides the stability needed to advance key reforms,’ the joint statement said.

The Department, which received PhP1.044 trillion budget in the Senate version of the General Appropriations Bill, also echoes the private sector’s call to move education spending closer to global benchmarks while ensuring stricter transparency and accountability in the bicameral conference committee deliberations.

‘The direction set by President Marcos to invest strongly in human capital provides us with the foundation to push reforms that matter,’ Angara said. ‘Our commitment is to ensure that every peso is used effectively and that learners, teachers, and parents feel the impact in their classrooms and communities.’

DepEd said it shares these priorities, noting that recent internal reforms-such as the launch of the DepEd Open Data (Project BUKAS) initiative, accelerated and flexible classroom procurement reforms, and the shift to evidence-based policy design-were all designed to improve transparency and implementation discipline.

Angara also highlighted that his leadership has placed greater emphasis on partnerships with the private sector and development organizations. Since his appointment as Secretary, DepEd has expanded collaborations on teacher upskilling, digital learning support, curriculum enhancement, and learning remediation.

These include initiatives with the business community, philanthropic groups, publishers, and international partners such as UNICEF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), UNESCO, USAID, and SEAMEO-INNOTECH to complement government efforts.

‘These partnerships help us rebuild confidence in the public school system,’ Angara said. ‘They bring expertise, innovation, and accountability into the work of improving learning outcomes.’

He added that the trust expressed by the country’s leading business and education institutions is a clear indication that the sector is moving toward a more stable, data-driven, and collaborative reform environment.

P2-million reward for info on Digos village chief’s FB Live killing

Officials have raised a P2 million reward for those who can provide information leading to the arrest of the killers and mastermind of a village official here whose killing was captured on Facebook live Tuesday night.

Barely a day after the killing of Oscar ‘Dodong’ Bucol, chairperson of Barangay Tres de Mayo here, Davao del Sur Gov. Yvonne Cagas and former Gov. Marc Cagas raised a P1 million reward to track down not only his killers but also the mastermind.

The barangay captain, a loyal follower of Cagas, was killed inside the garage of his house while interviewing on FB Live a person who turned over a lost and found ID at 9:20 p.m. on Tuesday. Another P1 million reward is being offered by Vice President Sara Duterte for information that would lead to the arrest of the killers, said Lawyer Israelito Torreon, legal counsel of the Bucol family and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban). Torreon said Bucol also served as the provincial chair of PDP Laban after he was chosen by PDP members and leaders of Davao del Sur for the post.

‘The killers could not move without the one ordering them, so we are also after the mastermind,’ former Gov. Marc Cagas told the Inquirer by phone.

This developed as Police Brig. General Leon Victor Rosete, director of Police Regional Office 11, announced in a press conference at the Provincial Capitol here the relief of Lt. Col. Peter Glenn Ipong, acting police chief of Digos City, who was tagged among the ‘persons of interest’ in Bucol’s killing.

The video of Bucol’s killing went viral as it showed him speaking before his phone camera when the first shot rang out, and his cry of pain was heard soon after. The video also showed the wounded barangay captain straying on camera, one of his arms bloodied, and the other holding the part of his body that was hit by a bullet.

He was rushed to a private hospital in Digos City, where attending physicians had already declared him dead.

Cagas described Bucol as a cheerful person who loved to help people and did not deserve his fate.

In fact, he said, Bucol just delivered some relief goods to the typhoon-hit Cebu province and had spent three to five days travelling by land.

But the village official, a close ally of former Gov. Cagas, also earned a reputation as a hard-hitting village chief, using his FB page as a platform. Before the attack, the village official had criticized local politicians, including the town’s chief of police.

Pope Leo on AI

As we enter the season of Advent-the first under our new pope, Pope Leo XIV-let us take a moment to reflect on the recent teachings of the Church regarding the world today.

When a cardinal is elected pope, he chooses a papal name that signals his mission. That name hints at the direction he intends to lead the Catholic Church, as well as the issues he believes the institution must confront.

In this case, Robert Francis Prevost, with American and Peruvian heritage, chose the name Leo, last held by Pope Leo XIII.

During his pontificate at the turn of the 20th century, Leo XIII championed the rights of workers at a time when the industrial revolution had produced what he described as ‘dehumanizing living conditions for the worker.’

It was Leo XIII who issued the encyclical ‘Rerum Novarum,’ or ‘Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor,’ which sought a middle path between socialism and capitalism. Through this landmark document, he placed the weight of the Catholic Church behind the right to a living wage-one that allows workers to improve their conditions over time. He affirmed both workers’ rights to form unions and capitalists’ rights to private property.

Far-reaching influence

The influence of Rerum Novarum was far-reaching. My friend, the literary critic Jonathan Chua, notes that ‘before World War II, social action at the Ateneo de Manila drew on two papal encyclicals: Pope Leo’s Rerum Novarum (1891) and Pope Pius’ Quadragesimo Anno (1931).’ The latter served as an extension and reaffirmation of Leo XIII’s teachings amid a changing political landscape.

By choosing the name Leo, Prevost signals that he understands both his role and that of the Church as guiding the faithful through another era of transformative technological change.

In his first address to the College of Cardinals after his election in May, Pope Leo said, ‘In our own day, the church offers to everyone the treasury of her social teaching in response to another industrial revolution and to developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) that pose new challenges for the defense of human dignity, justice and labor.’ True to this mission, Pope Leo has repeatedly reflected on AI across a range of settings. ‘There is no doubt that technological development has brought, and continues to bring, significant benefits to humanity, particularly in the fields of medicine and health,’ he said to an audience of doctors and bioethicists at the 2025 Congress of the Pontifical Academy for Life.

‘[But] in order to ensure true progress, it is imperative that human dignity and the common good remain resolute priorities for all, both individuals and public entities. Given the vast economic interests often at stake in the fields of medicine and technology, and the subsequent fight for control, it is essential to promote a broad collaboration among all those working in health care and politics that extends well beyond national borders.’ Call for prudence

He also spoke with American high school students at the National Catholic Youth Conference. In response to a question from a student about how best to use ChatGPT, the Pope responded: ‘Use it in such a way that if it disappeared tomorrow, you would still know how to create, how to act on your own, how to form authentic friendships. Remember, AI can never replace the unique gift that you are to the world.

‘AI will not judge between what is truly right and wrong. And it won’t stand in wonder, in authentic wonder, before the beauty, the beauty of God’s creation. So be prudent. Be wise. Be careful that your use of AI does not limit your true human growth. ‘Using AI responsibly means using it in ways that help you grow, never in ways that distract you from your dignity or your call to holiness. AI can process information quickly, but it cannot replace human intelligence-and don’t ask it to do your homework for you!’

These are words we can convey to our students, our children, and can take to heart ourselves.

NCAA: Perpetual Help books semifinals berth, ousts JRU

Perpetual Help became the first team to reach the NCAA Season 101 men’s basketball semifinals on Thursday after an 81-74 win over Jose Rizal University at Mall of Asia Arena.

The Altas, the top seed in Group A after finishing the eliminations at 9-4, made the most of their twice-to-beat advantage and sent the Heavy Bombers out of the quarterfinals. ‘I’m really trying to make the right read every time CoachOlsen (Racela) wants for us to take the high percentage shots,’ Perpetual star Patrick Sleat said.

Mark Gojo Cruz again led Perpetual with 23 points, two rebounds and two assists. Sleat added a double-double of 14 points and 10 assists with six rebounds. JRU, which had to survive a play-in for fourth two days earlier against Emilio Aguinaldo College, saw its Season 101 campaign end despite 18 points from Sean Salvador. Allen Laurenaria posted 16 points and 10 rebounds in the loss.

The Heavy Bombers finished with a 6-8 record.

The Altas now await the winner of the Arellano-Letran quarterfinal series, which goes to a rubber match on Friday at San Juan Arena.

‘Whatever we’re doing, it’s not enough. We have to add more to our games and put in the extra effort. We also have to grow, not just as individuals but as a team,’ Sleat said.

When a parent dies

One becomes a full-fledged grown-up only after a parent dies. This happens no matter how old we already are when one of our parents passes on to the afterlife. Gone are the unrestrained counsel dispensed as reprimands by an ascendant who pays no heed to a descendant’s title, power, or possessions. Gone is the fallback for shelter, money, and advice, when turbulent storms upend our lives. Gone is one of our most ardent fans, who feels most proud during milestones in our lives.

For as long as our forebears are alive, we will always be children in their eyes. We will forever feel like kids in their presence. There may still be a remaining parent who survives in our midst, but without the other, the four-legged chair that has provided support and comfort in our lives would precariously stand on two legs.

My father breathed his last at the ripe age of 87 on Nov. 20. He left behind my 84-year-old mother, his five children, four children-in-law, and 11 grandchildren.

Our father put into practice his agriculture degree by cultivating our modest farm. Our mother served as a public school teacher at the local elementary school that her children attended. Despite our parents’ diligence and industry, they struggled to provide for our needs as a family. As children, we didn’t have the luxuries enjoyed by many of our cousins. Instead, my two brothers and I were exposed to the sun and the elements when we helped our father and our grandfather with farm chores, while our two sisters assisted our mother at home. As the eldest, I personally experienced the kind of hard labor required in the planting, harvesting, and drying of rice and corn. Looking back, the difficulties our father exposed us to have equipped us with grit and determination, which have proved to be the most valuable of all the lessons we gained in life.

AMLC: Nearly P4B in air assets frozen in anti-graft crackdown

The Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC) secured two additional freeze orders covering assets linked to the flood control graft scandal, including nearly P4 billion worth of aircraft, raising the total value of immobilized holdings in the case to almost P12 billion.

The Court of Appeals’ latest directives targeted the assets of ‘an incumbent high-ranking official from an independent constitutional body and a former elected government official,’ the AMLC said in a statement on Wednesday. As in previous cases, the council did not disclose specific ownership details of the blocked holdings.

More extensive inquiry

The new orders affected 230 bank accounts, halting all activity-including transfers, deposits, withdrawals, and closures-and extended to 15 insurance policies, two helicopters, and one airplane. The aircraft alone were valued at roughly P3.9 billion, the council said.

The assets were determined to be linked to violations of Republic Act No. 3019, otherwise known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, as well as Malversation of Public Funds and Property under Article 217 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended.

To date, the crackdown has paralyzed 3,566 bank accounts, 198 insurance policies, 247 motor vehicles, 178 real properties, and 16 e-wallet accounts.

The total value of these assets has reached P11.7 billion, the AMLC said, adding that the figure was expected to rise as the probe deepens.

‘The issuance of the freeze orders will enable AMLC to pursue a more extensive financial investigation to uncover any possible money laundering scheme linked to the flood control projects,’ AMLC Executive Director Matthew David said.

David earlier said the council would likewise pursue the offshore assets, including foreign bank accounts and real estate, of individuals accused of corruption in flood control projects.

But the directives could extend far beyond financial accounts, cars, and real estate, as the AMLC may also ask the court to freeze other personal holdings, such as investments, jewelry, and even virtual assets, if these are linked to the misuse of public funds. ‘Legal remedies’

On Sept. 30, the AMLC signed a memorandum of agreement with the Independent Commission for Infrastructure (ICI), the body created by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. to investigate corruption in flood control projects, for closer coordination, data sharing, and joint efforts to trace, preserve, and recover assets linked to illicit activity.

The AMLC’s David had said the council was also working with the Office of the Ombudsman, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the National Bureau of Investigation as it pursues ‘a thorough and impartial inquiry.’

Meanwhile, officials of the ICI had said the forfeiture would be part of ‘civil and administrative remedies,’ including possible criminal charges to be filed against those implicated in fraudulent public works.

Last Monday, Marcos said eight of the 16 individuals ordered by the antigraft court arrested for their involvement in the anomalous flood control project in Oriental Mindoro province have been taken into custody by authorities.

They were, however, at the bottom of the totem pole in the widening corruption scandal that allegedly involved members of the Cabinet and lawmakers in both chambers of Congress. Marcos ordered the remaining fugitives to surrender, with authorities racing against time to fulfill the commitment of the President to put at least 37 individuals in jail before Christmas Day. ‘The public can be assured that the AMLC will continue to pursue all possible legal remedies to ensure that those involved in the misuse of public funds are held accountable,’ David said.

54 scribes win at 73rd Palanca Awards; Inquirer editor among judges

The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature marked its 73rd year of honoring Filipino writers with an awarding ceremony on Nov. 26 that recognized 54 winners across various categories.

Among this year’s esteemed judges in the country’s longest-running literary competition was Philippine Daily Inquirer Executive Editor Voltaire Contreras, who evaluated submissions in the Kabataan Essay and Kabataan Sanaysay categories.

From a historic high of 2,359 entries across all divisions, 57 judges narrowed the field to 58 winning works by 54 authors, who took home the highly coveted distinction.

Criselda ‘Dang’ Cecilio-Palanca highlighted the need to draw on creativity and fresh imagination ‘to forge literature that keeps in step with the times.’

‘And we must remain confident that it remains as progressive as heroic efforts to do battle with the illusions and conflicts and complexities that lie ahead,’ Cecilio-Palanca said during the ceremony in Makati City.

Professor Emeritus Dr. Ruth Elynia Mabanglo, a poet, playwright, translator, and educator whose award-winning works have uplifted women’s voices and social justice, graced the evening as guest of honor.

Established in 1951, the Palanca Awards is named after businessman and philanthropist Don Carlos Palanca Sr. and is aimed at promoting education and culture in the country.

Following is the list of winners:

Kabataan Sanaysay

First prize – Joshua Manio – ‘Tamang Pagluto ng Sinigang’

Second prize – Jhanna Louise Amado – ‘Enter Prompt: Ma, Sorry Po!’

Third prize – Euna Oraiz – ‘Suki Ako ng Pagod’

Kabataan Essay:

First prize – John Carl Guardian – ‘The Salt Sermon’

Second prize – Charisse Mae Gonzalo – ‘Everything is Made Up’

Third prize – Celestin Nicole Facistol – ‘Ctrl + V? No Thanks’

Maikling Kwento

First prize – Lee Joseph Castel – ‘Isang Kahong Cassette Tapes’

Second prize – Gilbert Baldoza – ‘Myra, Aso’

Third prize – Ronaldo Vivo Jr. – ‘Ang llusyon sa Kulay ng Ating Budhi’

Maikling Kwentong Pambata

First prize – Elyrah Loyola Salanga-Torralba – ‘Ginoong Buwan’

Second prize – Genaro Gojo Cruz – ‘Problema Ko Si Nanay’

Third prize – Dawn Gabriela Emmanuele Dela Rosa – ‘Si Tala Sa Mahiwagang Pila Ng Jeep’

Sanaysay

First prize – John Brixter Tino – ‘Ari’

Second prize – Filliffe Rae Anthonie Anorico – ‘Si Richard Gappi at Ako’

Third prize – Angela Cabanes – ‘Ang Apat Kong Ina’

Tula

First prize – Ronald Atilano – ‘Paghimbing sa Templo’

Second prize – Alvin Ursua – ‘Guho’

Third prize – Karl Isaac Santos – ‘Doomsaying’

Tula Para Sa Mga Bata

First prize – Christopher Rosales – ‘Mga Minatamis na Taludtod’

Second prize – Genaro Gojo Cruz – ‘Unang Tibok ng Pusong Musmos’

Third prize – Klara Domagtoy Espedido – ‘Ang Salita ay Isang Ugat’

Dulang May Isang Yugto

First prize – Aldrine Anzures – ‘Anino ng Pagtubos’

Second prize – Dustin Edward Celestino – ‘Elehiya’

Third prize – Rochelle Dinglasan – ‘Dantay sa Patay’

Dulang Ganap ang Haba

First prize – No winner

Second prize – No winner

Third prize – Dustin Edward Celestino – ‘A.NI.MAL’

Dulang Pampelikula

First prize – Christopher Cabahug – ‘Ang Birheng Ipinagkanulo’

Second prize – Rodolfo Vera – ‘Watsonville’

Third prize – Arjanmar Rebeta – ‘Mga Kalapating Matayog ang Lipad’

Short Story – Cebuano

First prize – Jose Alenogene Limpangog – ‘Ang Kataposang Bato sa Isla Pangaea’

Second prize – CD Borden – ‘Unglo’

Third prize – Kenjiro Mitsui – ‘Samin’

Short Story – Hiligaynon

First prize – Keft Sina-On Sobredo – ‘Anaw’

Second prize – Rex Menard Cervales – ‘Binakol’

Third prize – Al Jeffrey Gonzales – ‘Bagat’

Short Story – Ilokano

First prize – Freddie Masuli – ‘Ni Inang Cion ken ti Panagur-urayna’

Second prize – Lito Hilidon – ‘Ti Bannuar Ti Bario Tabueng’

Third prize – Prudencio Padios – ‘Fireplace’

Short Story

First prize – Al Ryanne Gatcho – ‘Goat’

Second prize – Enrico Miguel Perez – ‘Golgotha’

Third prize – Christopher Gabriel – ‘Milked For Milk’

Short Story For Children

First prize – John Bryan Balolong – ‘Captain Crayon and the Doodle Pirates’

Second prize – Manuelita Contreras-Cabrera – ‘That’s What I Said’

Third prize – Bryan Mari Argos – ‘Kapid’

Essay

First prize – Joan Saga-Oc – ‘Echoes of Life in a Kalinga Village: Past and Present’

Second prize – Catherine Babao – ‘The Cemetery Playlist’

Third prize – Mark Alden Arcenal – ‘Autoethnography of a Hermit Crab’

Poetry

First prize – Jan Dennis Destajo – ‘Translocation’

Second prize – Alfonso Manalastas – ‘Strange, Black Silhouettes’

Third prize – Ryan Paul Caidic – ‘Exodus 15’

Poetry Written for Children

First prize – Cyne Jarvis Zarceno – ‘All The Worlds I Know’

Second prize – Junard Duterte – ‘Wonders In The Whirlwind: Poems to Make You Think, Dream, and Do’

Third prize – Salvacion D. Tandoc – ‘Words That Wiggle and Dance’

One-Act Play

First prize – Russell Stanley Geronimo – ‘Repatriation’

Second prize – Nicolo Ricardo Magno – ‘The Field of Forgotten Dreams’

Third prize – Debbie Ann Tan – ‘One-Winged Butterfly’

Full-Length Play

First prize – Dustin Edward Celestino – ‘Fidelity’

Second prize – Rafael Paolo Jimenez – ‘LVNA’

Third prize – Salvacion Tandoc – ‘The President’s Therapist’

DICT: Co’s allegations unfounded, without basis

‘The DICT (Department of Information and Communications Technology) upholds integrity amid noise and disinformation.’

DICT Secretary Henry Aguda, said this on Thursday after resigned Ako Bicol party-list Rep. Elizaldy Co recently claimed that the DICT was among the list of agencies that allegedly received over P18.7 billion from the supposed P100 billion worth of insertions made in the 2025 national budget.

Co, who previously headed the House appropriations committee, publicized last week a list of alleged insertions, showing that P5 billion of the supposed insertions went to the DICT’s Free Public Internet Access Program, and P1.5 billion was allotted for its eGovernment Systems Development.

According to Aguda, the allegations of Co against the DICT are ‘unfounded’ or without basis.

‘Often, this noise comes from vested interests that have been affected by reforms aimed at cleaning up and fixing the system,’ Aguda emphasized in a statement.

‘At DICT, our mandate is clear: to serve the people and ensure that every Filipino has safe, fast, and reliable digital services. Every day, that is what our officers and staff uphold,’ he noted. Aguda said the DICT will not be affected by the accusations and will instead continue to provide services to Filipinos.

‘We know that when we do the right thing, some will be hurt and some will oppose. Some will try to sabotage to protect their own agendas. That’s how it is when change is real,’ said Aguda.

‘But despite everything, the DICT public servants will remain steadfast. We will not be affected. We will not be swayed. We only have one side in mind, the interest of the Filipino people,’ he added. ‘To the public: thank you very much for your continued trust. In the face of any challenge or sabotage, our promise remains simple, clear, and direct: We will do the right thing. We will do the job. And we will do it for you,’ the DICT chief furthered.

Gov’t budget surplus swells in Oct due to weak revenues, spending

The swell in the national government’s October budget surplus masked a softer fiscal picture amid the flood control corruption scandal.

Underpinned by sluggish revenue growth and restrained spending, the latest fiscal report is seen to signal a ‘weak fiscal impulse.’

Data released by the Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) on Wednesday showed that the budget surplus had surged to P11.2 billion in October, nearly 76 percent higher than a year ago.

This brought fiscal deficit to P1.11 trillion for the first 10 months, keeping the shortfall at 70.83 percent of the revised P1.56-trillion full-year target.

A budget surplus occurs when government revenues outpace expenditures. A deficit, on the other hand, is incurred when the state spends beyond its means.

‘Positive on paper’

The October surplus marks the first significant gain since April 2025 and mirrors last year’s performance, but economists warn that it does not necessarily signal real fiscal strength.

‘It reflects the effects of slower government spending rather than unusually strong revenues. With public works and some agency disbursements delayed due to the corruption probe and tighter scrutiny, expenditures fell faster than expected, creating a temporary surplus,’ said John Paolo Rivera, a senior research fellow at the state-run Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS).

‘While a surplus may look positive on paper, it actually signals a weak fiscal impulse at a time when the economy needs government spending to support growth,’ Rivera added.

Ateneo de Manila University economist Leonardo Lanzona, said the surplus is an ‘unfavorable development,’ saying the slow revenue growth only came from tariffs.

‘Usually a budget deficit is not favorable, if the inflation had been increasing. But since inflation is declining, a budget deficit would have been the means to improve economic growth,’ he said.

‘Since [the corruption] also caused the decline in the GDP (gross domestic product) growth, this is an unfavorable development as the economy has relied heavily on government spending,’ Lanzona added.

Revenue drivers

Total revenues for the 10-month period reached P3.81 trillion, up just 1.13 percent from a year earlier following the non-recurrence of last year’s extraordinary non-tax receipts.

Tax revenues grew a modest 7.45 percent, driven mainly by the Bureau of Internal Revenue, which posted a 9.55-percent increase to P2.65 trillion.

The Bureau of Customs, for its part, barely exceeded last year’s level with a 0.91-percent uptick to P784.6 billion.

Non-tax revenues, meanwhile, plunged by nearly 37 percent from last year, underscoring the government’s heavier reliance on tax collections as last year’s one-off windfalls disappeared.

Still, collections have already exceeded the revised P306.5 billion program for the year.

Restrained spending

On the spending side, expenditures rose only 3.9 percent, only 80.8 percent of the P6.08 trillion revised full-year program. Primary expenditures, on the other hand, inched up by 2.45 percent since last year. This comes as infrastructure outlays weakened amid the flood control corruption probe.

The softer pace of spending helped produce the October surplus but also highlighted government underspending at a time when agencies were expected to accelerate program implementation.

According to Rivera, the slow disbursement could further weigh on the GDP, which already slowed to a four-year low of 4 percent in the third quarter.