Category: The Citizen

Over 100 residents marched to the residence of the Mashariki Neighbourhood Chairman in Muriet Ward on Saturday, August 15, 2026, protesting a month-long water shortage following fruitless attempts to seek redress from the local Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (Auwsa) sub-office.

Carrying empty buckets and basins of unwashed clothes, the residents expressed outrage over the persistent dry taps, noting that Auwsa continues to send text messages demanding payment for previous bills despite the ongoing supply disruption.

Mashariki Neighbourhood Chairman, Mr Emmanuel Sanare, voiced deep concern over the community’s plight, criticizing Auwsa officials for failing to answer phone calls or remain reachable when local leaders seek updates.

“My citizens cannot continue to suffer when a major water project costing Sh520 billion has already been completed,” said Mr Sanare. “Whenever we contact Auwsa, they cite reasons that do not solve the problem. In this area, underground water is simply not accessible,” he added.

He explained that while Auwsa frequently attributes the rationing to burst pipes, roadworks, or power outages, the shortage persists in Muriet even after power and infrastructure are restored and neighbouring areas receive water.

“We appreciate the government’s heavy investment in the water sector, but the majority of residents in Muriet Ward, particularly Mashariki Neighbourhood have suffered for too long. Water has no alternative. Most people here earn low incomes and cannot afford to buy water from vendors at Sh1,000 per bucket,” stressed Mr Sanare.

In response to the crowd, the neighbourhood chairman phoned Auwsa Managing Director, Mr Iddy Msuya, in full view of the residents.

Speaking from Dodoma where he was on official duty, Mr Msuya assured the community that immediate steps were being taken to restore supply.

“Chairman and residents, I ask for your patience. I have already instructed my team to direct water to your area immediately. The recent disruption was caused by power cuts affecting our pumping stations,” said Mr Msuya.

Local residents highlighted the severe domestic impact of the shortage.

A resident of Mapambuzuko, Ms Shamimu Iddy, said her household had been without water since August 8, forcing her to spend Sh7,000 for five jerrycans to meet basic needs.

“We are facing a very difficult situation, especially in homes with indoor toilets. You cannot tell a child not to use the toilet, and laundry continues to pile up. We urge the government to intervene and explain why Muriet Ward is singled out while other areas have water,” she said.

Similarly, a resident of Mkonoo in Terrat Ward, Ms Rehema Mbwambo, urged the water utility to scale up production capacity to match the growing population demand in the area.

She warned that without urgent intervention, the water crisis poses a severe public health risk and could trigger disease outbreaks, calling on the government to assess whether Auwsa has the capacity to manage its expanding customer base.

Two people, including a three-year-old child, have died following an accident involving a Manning Nice bus in Mandiwa Village, Masasi District Council, on Saturday night.

The accident occurred at about 8.10pm when the bus, which was travelling from Masasi to Dar es Salaam, reportedly hit a 35-year-old male resident of Mandiwa Village.

The man died at the scene after sustaining severe injuries. Preliminary information indicates that the driver attempted to avoid the pedestrian after he crossed the road while the bus was approaching, causing the vehicle to lose control and overturn.

A three-year-old child also died at the scene after sustaining multiple fractures in the accident.

Several other people were injured and rescued from the scene before being rushed by ambulance to St Benedict Ndanda Referral Hospital in Masasi District Council for medical treatment.

Masasi District Council information officer Doreen Parkshard said authorities were continuing to collect information on the accident, including updates from the hospital.

The council’s office, under District executive director Alphaxard Etanga, is also coordinating efforts to establish the full circumstances surrounding the accident.

Further details were expected as authorities continued with their assessment.

Geita Gold Mining Limited (GGML) has committed Sh1.2 billion over three years to support cardiac treatment for 300 children across Tanzania, expanding access to specialised care for families unable to afford the cost of treatment.

Under an agreement signed on August 14, 2026 at the company’s headquarters in Geita Region, GGML will provide about Sh400 million annually to facilitate treatment for 100 children, including those requiring specialised procedures, surgery, medication and follow up care.

The partnership, facilitated by Global Medicare, will involve the Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute (JKCI) and seeks to strengthen collaboration between the Government and private sector in addressing paediatric heart conditions.

GGML Managing Director Ashraf Suryaningrat said the company decided to support the programme after assessing its track record and impact on access to specialised cardiac services.

‘We look forward to a three year partnership. It involves 100 children annually and approximately Sh400 million per year,’ he said.

JKCI Executive Director and Consultant Cardiologist Dr Peter Richard Kisenge said the contribution would directly support children requiring urgent cardiac care, noting that treatment varies depending on each patient’s condition.

‘Some children require surgery, others need specialised procedures to close heart defects, while others require medication and continued medical monitoring,’ he said.

Dr Kisenge described the partnership as an investment in saving children’s lives and supporting families affected by heart disease.

Oryx Gas Zanzibar has outlined measures taken to promote clean cooking energy, donating 250 gas cylinders at the Kizimkazi Festival alongside a strategic push to supply LPG-powered generators to hotels and industries across the archipelago.

The firm revealed that Zanzibar has made significant progress in LPG adoption, with clean energy uptake rising from six percent in 2020 to over 30 percent in 2025, a trajectory driven by private sector collaboration, government support, and key stakeholders.

Speaking during a clean energy conference at the Kizimkazi Festival, which ran from August 12 and concluded on Friday, August 14, 2026, Oryx Gas Zanzibar Managing Director, Ms Shuwekha Khamis highlighted the company’s vital role in accelerating clean cooking transition.

“We began this effort long ago, continuously assisting institutions through their energy transition. In Zanzibar, Oryx has transformed several key bodies, including 25 schools, the Economic Building Force, and Economic Building Force (JKU), which operates six camps across Unguja and Pemba,” she said.

“Through our partnership with the Mwanamke Initiative Foundation, we have also converted Kiinua Mguu prison, two police stations, 12 health centres, and numerous government offices. We are seeing substantial strides across the institutional sector,” added Ms Khamis.

Earlier at the festival, Oryx Gas distributed 250 free cooking gas cylinders to residents to boost adoption, supporting the government target of reaching 80 percent clean cooking energy usage by 2034.

The government has released over Sh11 billion for the construction of a Cancer Centre at Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital (MZRH), as national statistics reveal that 30,000 out of 45,000 diagnosed cancer patients die annually.

The investment aims to bring specialised oncology services closer to residents of the Southern Highlands, reducing travel costs and logistical burdens while positioning Mbeya as a regional medical hub for patients from neighbouring countries.

Speaking on Saturday, August 15, 2026, during an inspection tour by the Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) board of directors, ORCI executive director, Dr Diwani Msemo, said the project forms part of the government’s strategy to decentralise specialist and super-specialist care.

“Under the government’s 10-year strategy initiated in 2012 to combat cancer, Ocean Road was tasked with decentralising specialised services nationwide,” said Dr Msemo.

“Following the Mbeya project, plans are underway to construct additional centres in Arusha, Kigoma, and Mtwara, where land has already been secured,” he added.

Dr Msemo explained that the Sh11 billion disbursed so far covers initial structural civil works, noting that total investment will exceed Sh30 billion once medical equipment and diagnostic machinery are fully installed.

He added that the Sixth Phase Government under President Samia Suluhu Hassan has allocated over Sh60 billion to the Ocean Road Cancer Institute for infrastructure upgrades nationwide.

Construction on the Mbeya facility is scheduled for completion by January 2027.

The strategic location of the Mbeya centre is expected to boost medical tourism from neighbouring nations, including Zambia, Malawi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), offering patients shorter travel times compared to journeying to Dar es Salaam.

Highlighting the disease burden, Dr Msemo reported that 45,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in Tanzania each year, with 30,000 losing their lives, equating to approximately one cancer-related death every hour.

Globally, 2024 statistics recorded 20 million new cancer diagnoses and 9.7 million deaths.

However, Dr Msemo emphasised that nearly 50 percent of cancer cases are preventable or treatable if detected early, underscoring the importance of expanding regional screening and early diagnostic infrastructure.

Ministry of Health director of curative services, Dr Hamad Nyembea, confirmed that the government plans to establish additional oncology facilities across the southern belt and other regions by 2030 to ensure timely and reliable care.

Representing the public, ORCI board member, Ms Aisha Kwegia, commended the initiative, noting that the new centre will significantly alleviate the emotional and financial strain on patients in the Southern Highlands who previously had no choice but to travel to Dar es Salaam for treatment.

The Court of Appeal has freed two men who had been serving life sentences for burning down a church in Bukoba after finding serious flaws in the evidence used to convict them.

Rashid Mzee and Allyu Dauda were sentenced by the High Court’s Bukoba Registry on August 13, 2020, after being convicted of conspiracy, arson and malicious damage to property.

The Court of Appeal, in a ruling delivered on August 14, 2026, found that the prosecution had failed to prove the charges beyond reasonable doubt.

The case arose from a fire on the morning of October 30, 2015, at Bujugo village in Bukoba District, where a Tanzania Assemblies of God (TAG) church, built with reeds and roofed with corrugated iron sheets, was completely destroyed.

Justices Rehema Kerefu, Issa Maige and Dr Ubena Agatho heard Criminal Appeal No. 597 of 2020, which had been filed by the two men.

Justice Agatho said the court had found that the appellants were denied the right to cross-examine the third prosecution witness, making the witness’s evidence legally unreliable because his credibility could not be properly tested.

The court also rejected evidence from the first prosecution witness concerning an alleged oral confession by Mr Dauda at the scene of the fire.

Justice Agatho said the circumstances in which the alleged confession was made, in the presence of police officers and other people, raised doubts over whether it had been given voluntarily.

The court further ruled that evidence concerning an additional statement recorded from Mr Mzee could not be relied upon because the statement had already been expunged over procedural irregularities.

The judges also quashed the conspiracy conviction, holding that conspiracy could not stand where the intended offence had already been completed and proven.

‘Therefore, the charges were not proved beyond reasonable doubt. We allow the appeal, quash the convictions and sentences against the appellants and order their immediate release,’ Justice Agatho said.

How the case unfolded

The prosecution case was that the church’s pastor, Faustine Nshange, received information from an elder about the fire and reported the matter to village leaders and police.

Following investigations, Mr Mzee and Mr Dauda were arrested alongside another suspect who was not part of the appeal.

The prosecution alleged that Mr Dauda later orally confessed to setting the church on fire in the presence of the pastor at the scene.

The prosecution also relied on additional statements allegedly recorded from the two men by magistrates and tendered in court as exhibits.

The men were charged under the Penal Code with conspiracy to commit an offence, arson and malicious damage to property.

During the trial, they denied making the statements, alleging that police officers had severely tortured them and forced them to sign blank documents while in custody.

They were initially sentenced to five years in prison for conspiracy, life imprisonment for arson and one year for malicious damage to property.

First appeal

The men challenged the convictions before the High Court in Bukoba.

The first appellate court expunged their extra-judicial confessions because of procedural irregularities in how they had been recorded and admitted.

However, it upheld the convictions for conspiracy and arson, finding that the alleged oral confessions made in the presence of independent witnesses remained sufficient to support the convictions.

The court also quashed the conviction for malicious damage to property.

The two men then appealed to the Court of Appeal on 11 grounds, challenging, among other things, the legality of the proceedings, the denial of their right to cross-examine a prosecution witness and the reliance on evidence that had not been properly established.

During the latest appeal hearing, the two appellants had no legal representation, while the Republic was represented by two State Attorneys.

Tanzania has denied allegations that it sent its citizens to Zambia as mercenaries to interfere in the country’s 2026 General Election, saying it has initiated diplomatic efforts to establish the facts behind the claims.

The allegations were made by National Restoration Party for Unity and Progress (NRPUP) presidential candidate Brian Mundubile, who claimed that Tanzanians had been sent to Zambia to influence the electoral process.

In a video circulating on social media, Mr Mundubile alleged that there was a plan to use what he described as ‘Tanzanian tactics’ to influence the election outcome.

‘Zambia is not Tanzania. Those who think they can bring here tactics that work in Tanzania will never succeed,’ he said.

He also called on Tanzanians allegedly involved in election-related activities in Zambia to leave the country and return home.

Tanzania responds

Government Chief Spokesperson Gerson Msigwa said Tanzania was concerned by the allegations and had instructed its ambassador in Zambia to seek clarification through official diplomatic channels.

‘Tanzania has not sent anyone to Zambia to interfere in its elections, and that is not our practice,’ Mr Msigwa said.

He said Tanzanians involved in observing the election could be part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) election observer mission, which comprises members from different SADC countries and operates at the invitation of the host country.

The allegations have also drawn reactions in Tanzania. Chadema Mainland Deputy Chairman John Heche said the claims should be taken seriously, citing Tanzania’s historical role in supporting African liberation movements and democracy.

‘Today Tanzania is being accused of sending mercenaries to disrupt elections in other countries. What a shame,’ Mr Heche wrote on X.

The controversy comes as Zambia prepares for a competitive election, with President Hichilema seeking re-election amid a strong opposition challenge.

As Tanzania joins the world in marking International Youth Day, attention is turning to one of the country’s greatest assets, its young population, and the need to create an environment where young people can acquire the skills, confidence and opportunities to shape their own futures and contribute meaningfully to national development.

At the centre of this effort is BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania, which has been implementing a range of initiatives aimed at strengthening youth empowerment, economic inclusion, climate resilience and participation in decision-making since 2006.

The organisation’s approach is aligned with Tanzania’s long-term development ambitions, including the Tanzania Development Vision 2050 and the National Youth Development Policy, 2024.

For David Mbumila, AIM Programme Manager at BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania, meaningful youth development requires more than providing financial support.

It requires creating an environment where young people, particularly adolescent girls and young women, can build confidence, develop practical skills, access economic opportunities and have a voice in decisions affecting their lives.

Starting with social empowerment

A key component of BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania’s work is the Accelerating Impact for Young Women (AIM) programme, a partnership between the MasterCard Foundation and BRAC International, which focuses on adolescent girls and young women (AGYW).

In Tanzania, AIM Programme is equipping over 400,000 adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), with education support age-appropriate entrepreneurship, employability, and life-skills training, as well as the tools to start and scale their own businesses.

The programme operates across seven African countries until 2033: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Ghana, and Kenya – and applies BRAC’s globally-recognised, evidence-based approaches using microfinance, ultra-poor graduation, youth empowerment, agriculture and skills development to improve lives and livelihoods.

Through AIM clubs, participants undergo a six-month curriculum designed to strengthen confidence, agency, aspirations and social skills.

The programme addresses issues that can significantly influence young women’s ability to make informed decisions about their lives, including sexual and reproductive health, gender-based violence, gender equality and personal development.

Mentors provide guidance and create spaces where participants can discuss challenges, develop confidence and build stronger support networks.

Mbumila explains that this foundation is critical because economic empowerment is difficult to sustain when young women lack confidence, information and the ability to make independent decisions.

To date, the AIM programme has reached 91,122 adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania through its social empowerment clubs, creating a large network of young women equipped with knowledge and skills to make informed choices about their futures.

Marium is among the AIM programme participants from Dar es Salaam, she recalls facing challenges achieving her dream of becoming a tailor, ‘I simply decided not to give up, after receiving tailoring skills and a sewing machine from the programme, I turned what I had learned into a source of income.’

Marium now not only enjoys making creative pieces for her customers, but also trains two students. In her words, ‘I now have confidence, income independence and a chance to help others learn a skill.’

From confidence to economic independence

For BRAC, social empowerment is closely connected to economic independence. Through AIM, participants have been supported to establish 2,159 Community microfinance groups (CMGs), formerly known as VSLAs or VICOBA.

The groups provide members with an opportunity to save collectively and access small loans that can be invested in income-generating activities.

But Mbumila says the model goes beyond simply giving young people access to money. Participants receive financial literacy and management training to help them.

For BRAC, social empowerment is closely connected to economic independence. Through AIM, participants have been supported to establish 2,159 Community microfinance groups (CMGs), formerly known as VSLAs or VICOBA.

The groups provide members with an opportunity to save collectively and access small loans that can be invested in income-generating activities. But Mbumila says the model goes beyond simply giving young people access to money.

Participants receive financial literacy and management training to help them understand saving, borrowing, budgeting and business management.

Those ready to progress further can also be supported to access loans from BRAC Tanzania Finance Ltd, BRAC’s microfinance entity and the largest in Tanzania, and/or connect with other formal financial institutions.

This pathway can provide access to digital financial services, additional skills training and financial products that support business expansion.

The impact is significant. 66,372 young women have received financial literacy training, while 29,498 have benefited from livelihood training and asset transfers. The support covers different areas of economic activity, including agriculture, livestock and vocational enterprises.

Participants receive skills, startup support and market linkages designed to help them establish and grow sustainable livelihoods. An emerging area of opportunity is Early Childhood Development (ECD), where young women are trained to establish micro-enterprises providing childcare and play-based learning services.

Happiness is a micro-entrepreneur running a community-based ECD Centre inside a bustling Mwanza marketplace, serving 36 children. This is what youth action looks like, mothers relying on her to care for her children, while she runs her business.

The model creates a dual impact-opening income-generating opportunities for young women while improving access to quality early childhood services within communities.

Equipping young farmers for climate change

For young Tanzanians whose livelihoods depend on agriculture, empowerment must also include the ability to respond to climate change.

Through the Vijana Kilimo Biashara (VKB) project, supported by the UN World Food Programme (WFP), BRAC is helping young farmers adopt Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), aiming to reach 15,000 smallholder farmers.

The project links young farmers with relevant institutions, including the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA), enabling them to access seasonal weather forecasts and other climate information.

Lucy is a VKB project participant from Simiyu. At first, weather forecasting was not as important. She says, ‘I recall tuning to another station as soon as I heard the reporter, but gaining an understanding on how climate change is affecting my 12 acre sunflower and sorghum farm, I knew I had to make an informed decision moving forward.’

This information can help farmers make better decisions on planting dates, crop selection and pest management. The programme also promotes soil and water conservation and integrated pest management, helping young farmers improve agricultural productivity while protecting the natural resources upon which future livelihoods depend.

Jumanne Magese is the VKB Project Manager. In his words, Mr Jumanne highlights: ‘Climate resilience is increasingly becoming an essential part of youth economic empowerment, particularly in communities where agriculture remains a major source of employment and income.’

Giving young people a voice

Beyond economic opportunities, BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania is also working to ensure that young people have a voice in shaping the policies and decisions that affect them.

Through its Enabling Environment Strategy, the organisation equips youth with knowledge and skills in evidence-based advocacy, public policy and civic participation.

Young people participating in BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania programmes have been connected to national platforms, including Vijana Platforms established under the President’s Office – Youth Development.

They have also contributed to discussions surrounding the National Youth Development Policy, 2024, while providing recommendations relevant to the Tanzania Development Vision 2050.

At the local level, youth are encouraged to participate in community dialogues and District Council forums, giving them opportunities to engage directly with decision-makers and raise issues affecting their communities.

Mbumila says this approach reflects an important shift in youth development-from viewing young people simply as beneficiaries to recognising them as partners and agents of change.

International Youth Day: Celebrating achievement and opportunity

On 12th August, Tanzania commemorated International Youth Day, and BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania collaborated with local government authorities in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Dodoma and Tabora regions to showcase the achievements of young people participating in its programmes.

BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania is in support of youth voice and action; during the Youth Day festivities, the AIM youth advocates presented their recommendations in areas of education and youth empowerment.

The festivities went along with exhibitions of youth-led businesses, health-checking camps, tree planting, government forums, sports activities and awareness initiatives. This was an opportunity for young entrepreneurs to display and promote their products, while young women with low literacy levels were exposed to digital skills and other learning opportunities.

For BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania, the activities provide an opportunity to celebrate achievements while drawing attention to the opportunities that can emerge when young people receive the right support. Through his work with the AIM programme, Mbumila sees youth empowerment as a process that requires sustained investment- not only in finance, but also in confidence, knowledge, skills, networks and leadership.

The experiences of young people participating in BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania programmes demonstrate that Tanzania’s youth possess enormous potential.

What is required is an enabling environment that allows that potential to translate into meaningful economic and social outcomes. From social empowerment clubs and community microfinance groups to climate-smart agriculture and policy engagement, BRAC Maendeleo Tanzania is helping young people move from being recipients of development interventions to becoming active contributors to their communities and the wider economy.

As Tanzania looks towards its 2050 development ambitions, the message emerging from these initiatives is clear that investing in young people is not merely an investment in the present, it is an investment in the country’s future leadership, resilience and prosperity.

Barcelona. Spanish authorities on Thursday removed the remains of three kings who ruled the Aragón region in the 11th century from a monastery threatened by a wildfire.

Their remains were taken to the provincial museum of Huesca, located 80 km (50 miles) south of the monastery, for their protection until conditions improve, said the northeastern region’s vice-president Mar Vaquero.

After the wildfire that had been raging since Monday began moving toward the 10th ?century San Juan de la Peña monastery late on Thursday, concern that it could be engulfed by flames prompted authorities to launch a rescue operation, Vaquero told reporters.

An emergency military unit team managed to enter the monastery, located in a mountain range, and take ceremonial clothing belonging to an 18th century count buried there, before the proximity of the flames forced them to flee.

The team returned a second time, ?accompanied by police officers and heritage officials, and removed the remains of the first three kings of Aragón – who ruled between 1035 and 1104 – from a pantheon within the monastery, as well as some historical paintings.

Vaquero praised ?the bravery of the rescue team.

The wildfire had intensified earlier on Thursday, fuelled by higher temperatures and strong winds. It has burned more than 9,000 ?hectares and forced the evacuation of 16 towns, although the monastery remained unharmed on Friday morning.

In southern Spain, a much larger wildfire also ?worsened on Thursday. It has so far burned 31,000 hectares in the province of Huelva and forced the evacuation of around 700 people.

. President Samia Suluhu Hassan has directed town planning authorities in Zanzibar to allocate designated areas for sports and children’s entertainment facilities.

She also urged authorities to ensure the spaces are protected against encroachment and conversion to alternative uses.

President Hassan made the statement on Wednesday, August 12, 2026, during the launch of a children’s amusement park in Kizimkazi, South Unguja, as part of the Kizimkazi Festival 2026. . President Samia Suluhu Hassan has directed town planning authorities in Zanzibar to allocate designated areas for sports and children’s entertainment facilities.

She also urged authorities to ensure the spaces are protected against encroachment and conversion to alternative uses.

President Hassan made the statement on Wednesday, August 12, 2026, during the launch of a children’s amusement park in Kizimkazi, South Unguja, as part of the Kizimkazi Festival 2026. Following this increase, President Hassan invited investors to expand child-related services, including toy shops and other facilities that can help children enjoy entertainment while learning.

She officially handed over the parks to regional and district leaders, emphasising that generated revenues should be preserved and used for infrastructure maintenance to ensure longevity and long-term service to children.

President Hassan also urged parents and guardians to continue raising children on foundations of faith, morality and love, stressing that the greatest heritage society can leave behind is not just property, but a safe, peaceful nation enabling them to achieve their dreams.

Minister for Social Development, Gender, Elderly and Children Anna Atanas Paul said rural children also deserve better environments to play, learn and nurture their talents.

She stressed the importance of having such centres across all regions of Zanzibar to ensure children enjoy equal opportunities to grow in physically, mentally and socially enriching environments.

‘These centres should not be viewed merely as sports and entertainment spaces, but as vital components of child rearing and welfare,’ she said.

According to Ms Paul, the Ministry has begun reaching rural children through Day Centres, aimed at providing care and early learning from as young as two years.

“The government aims to narrow the opportunity gap between urban and rural children, giving every child the chance to start their life journey in a conducive environment,” said the minister.

South Unguja Regional Commissioner, Ms Hamida Mussa Khamis, said the region continues to expand opportunities for children to access safe spaces for play and health promotion following the opening of designated children’s grounds in Kizimkazi.

She noted that launching the grounds is a crucial step aligned with the rapid development momentum witnessed across the region and neighbouring areas.

“These grounds have been specifically prepared for children aged between one and 15 years, aiming to provide a safe, friendly environment to play, learn and build health,” said the Regional Commissioner.

She added that the rising child population and regional development make demand for more grounds essential, preventing children from playing in unsafe environments.