Category: The Citizen

Avocados have been grown in Tanzania since the early 1890s. The global appetite for the creamy fruit, also known as green gold, is booming.

The industry’s market value was over $6.5 billion in 2020, reached $16.24 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $23 billion in 2029. Tanzania has seized this opportunity in the last two decades and is now Africa’s fourth-largest avocado exporter, behind Kenya, South Africa and Morocco. The top destinations for Tanzania’s avocados are Europe (40%), India (30 percent) and the Middle East (19 percent).

Tanzania’s avocado exports increased from 1,393 tons, valued at $1.9 million in 2013, to 36,520 tons, valued at $79.813 million, in 2024. For my PhD research, I followed Tanzanian avocados from the farms through to local markets and packhouses for export. The research aimed to uncover the underlying structures, relationships and systems that cause food waste in Tanzania’s avocado trade.

I knew avocados were being wasted so I set out to uncover why this was happening and who carried the heaviest cost. The farmers, farmer associations and commercial packhouses managers that I interviewed said that in Tanzania’s domestic avocado production sector, up to 40 percent of the avocados overall were wasted because of damage to the fruits and pests or diseases.

In the export avocado sector, we found 30 percent-50 percent losses for smallholders and some large-scale farmers, and 10 percent -20 percent for large commercial farms due to fruits not meeting quality standards. My research shows that the choices of consumers who buy avocados in Europe are directly connected to the real-life struggles of Tanzanian farmers.

Global food systems can harm local communities. Farmers need protection.

For example, some local governments have worked with exporters at the start of harvesting to set a minimum price. This ensures that farmers don’t have to accept rock bottom prices.

This should be adopted widely. Farmer associations and cooperatives should also receive more training in how to prevent waste.

How Tanzanian avocados are wasted We spoke with farmers, traders, middlemen, farmer associations and co-operatives, processors and exporters and observed the avocado trade. We found that avocados are damaged because brokers and transporters routinely jump on sacks to compress them for transport, or use their feet to spread them.

This is because of the misperception that unripe fruit is “as hard as stone” and cannot be damaged. Hass avocados grown specifically for export are only accepted if they’re intact, clean, a good size, green in colour with no blemishes and have short stalks.

The domestic avocado varieties are wasted because farmers often have no cold storage or access to fast transport to get them to market quickly. They ripen very fast after harvest and if they’re not sold promptly, they spoil.

Before 2016, rejected export avocados were dumped. Today some are bought by oil processing factories.

Avocado waste hurts small farmers and makes inequality worse Our research also found that there is very little support from agricultural extension officers for smallholder farmers who grow for the local market. These farmers lack training in quality standards, harvesting techniques, and how to negotiate with the brokers and traders.

Women are most affected because they dominate the domestic avocado trade, harvesting the avocados and selling them to middlemen and consumers. They have less access to capital and infrastructure than male-owned small businesses who dominate the wholesale market.

The middlemen who buy the avocados in bulk from the women often use their advantaged positions to offer lower prices, sometimes reject a consignment, or use their own standards to reject avocados. Smallholder farmers growing for the local market have another problem: they harvest first and negotiate prices afterwards.

They’re in a race against time to sell before the avocado spoils, and if brokers back out or offer lower prices, farmers are forced to sell quickly or risk spoilage. The inequalities in the industry come from exporters, brokers, and owners of avocado packhouses holding much more power than farmers.

They set prices, enforce standards and control contracts. In addition, only some farmers can attempt selling their avocados directly on the export market because they need certificates to show their produce meets all the quality standards required by the export market.

This is very difficult for smallholder farmers, our research found. To access required inputs for production, some smallholder farmers get credit from exporters that’s deducted after harvest.

If the crop fails, the smallholder farmers are left with no safety net. They cannot simply sell their avocados locally if they’re rejected.

My research found that domestic consumers prefer large, smooth-skinned avocado varieties. Export varieties like Hass are smaller and rougher, making them harder to sell locally.

What needs to happen next My research came up with several ways to end Tanzanian avocado waste: ul class=”rte–listFarmer cooperatives and associations should be supported by government and development organisations to provide training to their members on good crop management, harvesting and handling practices, how to negotiate better contracts, and to provide flexibility to farmers in choosing buyers.Local governments should work with processors, exporters and traders to set minimum prices to protect smallholder farmers from exploitation in the domestic supply chain.

ul class=”rte–listFarmers should have access to real-time market data, including export prices and processing costs. This improved market transparency will benefit farmers to negotiate better prices, but also understand the market and consumers expectation of product quality.

Exporters currently have different quality standards for the size and appearance of avocados. These must be standardised for fairness and to reduce the number of avocados being rejected.

Brokers, pickers, and traders need education on proper handling to reduce damage and waste. ul class=”rte–listThe government should continue investment in cold storage and transport.

They should also build oil processing facilities that can absorb surplus and rejected produce. In the rush to transform African agriculture for global markets, it is important to consider what is left behind or thrown away.

Food waste is not just a symptom of inefficiency; it is a mirror of deeper injustices. To build sustainable and inclusive food systems, we must ask why so much food is wasted and who pays the price.

About the author: Jonas Cromwell is a Lecturer in Food Security in the School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds .

Dar es Salaam. Tanzanians and development partners have been urged to support community policing initiatives aimed at preventing crime and safeguarding national security, particularly as the country prepares for the October 29 General Election.

The appeal was made yesterday by the Ilala District Commissioner’s representative during a ceremony to hand over equipment to the Kivukoni Street community policing unit in Dar es Salaam. The event, organised by Be Forward Tanzania, saw the company donate uniforms to young volunteers serving in the unit.

Be Forward Tanzania is engaged in sourcing and shipping vehicles from Japan, South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Its donation seeks to enhance the visibility and coordination of community policing groups.

Kivukoni Street, which borders the Magogoni State House, is one of the city’s most sensitive security zones, where vigilance is vital. Speaking at the event, Ilala District Administrative Officer Mr Adrian Kishe, representing the District Commissioner, said security should not be viewed as the government’s responsibility alone.

He called on residents and corporate stakeholders to take an active role in addressing challenges facing community policing. “Young people serving in these units will now be easily recognised through their uniforms, unlike before.

I urge the community and stakeholders to support their efforts to safeguard people and property,” he said. He added that the initiative should inspire other organisations to undertake similar efforts in their respective areas to strengthen peace and security nationwide.

Be Forward Tanzania Sales Officer Ms Sarafina John said the company’s decision to provide uniforms was a gesture of appreciation for the contribution of youth involved in maintaining order and protecting neighbourhoods. “We operate temporary storage yards for imported vehicles, including one at Kamata and another near the Ocean Road Cancer Institute.

With the support of community policing, our vehicles have remained safe until customers collect them,” she said. She noted that the donation reflects the company’s commitment to community partnership and encouraged other businesses to support government efforts that promote public safety and improve livelihoods.

Kivukoni Street Chairperson Mr Ahmed Nyang’anyi said the area had in the past experienced threats from criminal gangs, but close cooperation between residents and security organs had drastically reduced such incidents. .

Dar es Salaam. Tanzania and Kenya have successfully eliminated four non-tariff trade barriers as part of their efforts to enhance business relations between the two neighboring countries.

This agreement was reached during the Ninth Meeting of the Joint Trade Committee (JTC), which took place in Dar es Salaam on Wednesday. Officials from both countries reviewed a total of 14 outstanding barriers, with plans to resolve the remaining 10 by March 31, 2026. Dr Hashil Abdallah, the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Industry and Trade, announced that the lifted restrictions include the removal of the withholding tax on TBL beers exported to Kenya, the elimination of tax stamps and associated charges, and the facilitation of livestock product exports from Kenya, in accordance with East African Community (EAC) resolutions.

Additionally, the requirement for Comesa insurance, which does not apply to Tanzania, has been abolished. “These decisions reflect our commitment to ensuring that trade between Tanzania and Kenya is conducted fairly and in compliance with EAC agreements,” said Dr Abdallah.

He further stated that a Joint Technical Committee has been established to oversee this implementation and to ensure that no trader encounters unnecessary bureaucratic hurdles. “Our aim is to make Tanzania a secure, reliable, and business-friendly destination while positioning the East African Community as a safe region for investment,” he added.

Kenya’s Principal Secretary for East African Community Affairs, Dr Caroline Karugu, highlighted that the progress made signifies a strong political will from both governments. “We have already achieved a 78 percent resolution rate, which demonstrates our commitment.

These successes are rooted in the agreements established during President William Ruto’s state visit to Tanzania in October 2022,” she stated. Her colleague in the State Department for Trade, Ms Regina Ombam, described the agreements as crucial for transforming regional trade.

She emphasized that simplifying systems and removing obstacles would create a better environment for traders throughout East Africa. “This step showcases our determination to enhance trade and prepare the region for global competition,” she said, encouraging citizens in both countries to embrace digital business and new economic opportunities.

This recent progress follows directives issued by Presidents Samia Suluhu Hassan and William Ruto on October 10, 2022, when they instructed their investment ministers to eliminate the 14 trade barriers. At that time, President Hassan noted that her administration had continued the efforts initiated by former President Uhuru Kenyatta, stating that out of 68 identified barriers, 54 had already been resolved.

“Tanzania and Kenya should not share poverty and humiliation but rather share the wealth generated through trade,” she said. President Ruto also expressed his commitment to continuing collaboration with Tanzania, acknowledging that the removal of these obstacles has yielded tangible benefits, particularly for Tanzania.

Tanzania. .

Manyara. The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) presidential candidate, President Samia Suluhu Hassan, has declared an ambitious target for Hanang’ District to produce one million tonnes of wheat annually by 2030, aiming to position the area as Tanzania’s agricultural powerhouse in grain production.

Addressing a rally in Katesh, Hanang’, on Friday, October 3, 2025, President Hassan asserted that the region’s vast and fertile land must no longer be underutilised. Instead, it should be transformed into a wheat production hub capable of feeding the nation and significantly contributing to export markets.

“Our vision is crystal clear: by 2030, Hanang’ alone should be producing one million tonnes of wheat every year. You possess the land, the knowledge, and now, with government support, you will have the necessary tools.

This is absolutely possible,” said the CCM candidate as she intensified her election campaign. Her remarks generated excitement among the crowd, especially since Hanang’ has long been associated with large-scale wheat farming but has faced setbacks in recent years due to underutilised land and limited investment.

She assured farmers that the government would continue providing subsidised fertilisers and inputs to raise productivity and revive the district’s agricultural dominance. Significantly, President Hassan issued a stern warning to absentee landholders and private investors who have acquired vast farming blocks in the district but consistently failed to develop them.

“We shall follow up on these idle lands. If you possess land and are not using it, we will reclaim it and return it to the people of Hanang’ who are ready to farm,” she boldly said.

Hanang’, a district still recovering from the trauma of recent devastating mudslides that claimed numerous lives and displaced families, was described by President Hassan as a symbol of strength and resilience. She publicly thanked the community for standing strong and undertaking rapid rebuilding efforts.

“In life, we are invariably struck by tragedy, but we pick ourselves up and move forward. That is precisely what you have achieved here,” she said.

President Hassan also highlighted various other development milestones in the district, including vital infrastructure projects, health, education, and business opportunities. She mentioned the newly constructed modern bus terminal in Katesh, urging residents to view it not merely as a place to board vehicles but as a dynamic commercial hub.

“That bus stand is also a business centre. Use it to trade, earn income, and effectively grow your local economy,” she counselled.

She further announced that the government had committed to upgrading key road networks in the area, including the 39-kilometre NangwaIsambalaKondoa road and the 38-kilometre MogituHaidom road, both of which are slated to be constructed to all-weather, sealed standards. “Whether in the dry season or the rains, these roads will be fully usable all year round,” she assured the residents of the area.

In the health sector, President Hassan noted that over Sh7 billion had been successfully injected into constructing and upgrading health centres in Maskarada, Edesapi, Nangwa, Basutu, and Kisambala. For education, she cited projects worth over Sh16 billion, including the newly built Dr Samia Secondary School and the Chifu Satya School.

Livestock keepers were also prioritised, with the ruling party’s candidate confirming that Tanzania had secured markets for both live animals and meat products, but warned that these opportunities required strict compliance with international health standards. She said subsidised vaccination and livestock identification were now in place to ensure traceability and secure access to foreign markets.

“We have provided these essential services at a subsidy so that, at any moment an opportunity arises, our herders are ready, every animal known, documented, and fully vaccinated,” she said. In support of the local meat trade, livestock markets in Katesh, Basodesh, and Endagao have been thoroughly renovated, and buyers are now able to access animals in hygienic and proper conditions.

“Now, if someone wishes to buy a live cow, they can do so comfortably and hygienically,” she noted. CCM’s parliamentary candidate for Hanang’, Ms Asia Halamga, praised the party’s presidential candidate and publicly thanked her government for investing substantially in the district’s comprehensive development.

She detailed numerous crucial projects undertaken under President Hassan’s administration, including rapid classroom construction, electricity expansion, and new water projects. “Dr Samia, you have given us more than Sh20 billion for electricity alone.

We now genuinely see the light. And you have built health centres, roads, and schools.

Even our new court building is rising, thanks entirely to your direct support,” said Ms Halamga. In closing, President Hassan appealed to all citizens to reflect deeply on what had been achieved so far, and to place their trust once again in the ruling CCM.

“We came here today to ask for your crucial votes. We served you diligently for the last five years.

And if you grant us five more, we shall go even further,” she affirmed. .

Dar es Salaam. East African music is turning heads on the global stage.

Tanzanian stars AY, Harmonize, and Fid Q have reached a major milestone as their songs have been approved for consideration for the 68th GRAMMY Awards, marking a historic moment for Bongo Flava and Swahililanguage music worldwide. Announcing the news on social media with excitement on Thursday, October 2, 2025, Ambwene Yesaya, famously known as AY, posted: “OFFICIALLY! Grammy has approved two of my entries for nomination consideration.

This is huge, not just for me and Harmonize, but for Bongo Flava and the entire industry. These projects have no global producers or artistes, pure Bongo and neighbouring countries.

” He thanked key collaborators and industry supporters, urging fans to continue showing support as the songs move towards official nominations. “For now, a win is a win.

Now it’s up to your prayers and support, it’s a victory for all of us!” he added. The two AY tracks under consideration are Simuoni featuring Harmonize and Wanganeka featuring Kanjiba.

Similarly, Fid Q expressed his excitement about his song Glory 2, featuring Damian Soul and Jose Chameleone. He wrote: “I’m proud to share that our song ‘GLORY 2’ featuring @damiansoulmusic and @jchameleon has officially been approved and considered for the 68th GRAMMY Awards @recordingacademy.

This isn’t just my win, it’s OURS. From TZ to UG to the world, we’re making history together!” Farid Kubanda, alias Fid Q, also thanked collaborators and God, emphasising the collective effort behind the achievement.

This milestone highlights the global reach of East African music and the growing influence of Bongo Flava beyond the continent. It shows that music produced locally, in Swahili and neighbouring languages, can compete internationally while staying authentic to its roots.

Fans and industry peers alike are celebrating, viewing these approvals as a sign that the region’s voices, rhythms, and stories are finally gaining recognition worldwide .

Simiyu. The Simiyu Regional Police Force has launched an investigation following reports of the abduction of a member of the opposition Chadema executive committee in Busega District, Mr Lobelia Kulilo Masanyiwa.

A statement issued by Chadema’s Director of Communications and Publicity, Ms Brenda Rupia, says Mr Masanyiwa was abducted on the evening of Wednesday, October 1, 2025, while at his office in Nyamikoma village, Busega District. Eyewitnesses allege that they saw him being forced into a car by individuals in plain clothes, their faces covered with masks, one of whom carried a firearm.

The vehicle was reportedly seen circulating the village from morning, with its registration plates changed several times, raising questions about the operation’s legality and possible involvement of authorities. The party strongly condemned the incident, describing it as a cruel act that violates human rights and undermines democracy, citizens’ security, and the rule of law.

Chadema reminded the police of their duty to protect citizens without bias and warned that threats or attacks against its leaders would not weaken their resolve to demand change in the country. Police confirm investigation Simiyu Regional Police Commander, Ms Edith Swebe, confirmed receiving a report of the incident and said thorough investigations are underway to establish the facts.

“We have indeed received a report from Chadema, and we have begun investigations to ascertain the truth of this matter,” said RPC Swebe. Residents of Nyamikoma expressed growing security concerns, particularly as the country approaches the election period.

Some questioned the safety of ordinary citizens if political leaders can be abducted in broad daylight. Citizens stressed that if someone is suspected of committing an offence, the proper approach is to arrest them according to the law, not forcibly abduct them.

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Moshi. CCM presidential candidate and incumbent President Samia Suluhu Hassan has unveiled plans for major infrastructure and industrial revitalisation in Kilimanjaro Region as part of her 20252030 campaign agenda.

Addressing a massive crowd at Mashujaa Grounds in Moshi, President Hassan promised to unlock the region’s economic potential and improve access to essential services. She highlighted the role of road networks in the region’s development, pledging new construction and upgrades to tarmac to ensure year-round accessibility.

“Kilimanjaro needs better roads. We will construct and upgrade roads to ease transport and open up economic activities.

This region cannot remain isolated,” she said to loud cheers. Key projects include a 31-kilometre bypass from Kahe to the Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA), 17 kilometres of tarmacked roads within Moshi Municipality and the completion of five ongoing road projects in Moshi Rural.

Similar works are planned for Vunjo constituency, while mountainous roads in Same District and the Holili-Tarakea Road in Rombo will also be upgraded to ease trade with Kenya and reduce congestion along the Mwika route. On industry, Ms Hassan pledged to revive collapsed factories, many of which failed after privatisation in the 1990s.

She cited Kilimanjaro Machine Tools, which has resumed spare parts production after two decades, and promised government support through reliable raw material supply. In agriculture, she committed to subsidised fertilisers and modern farming centres for coffee farmers, as well as expanding pastoral grazing areas from 3.

6 million to six million acres, with training in modern livestock techniques. Healthcare improvements were also promised, including upgrades to hospitals in Moshi, Mwanga, and Rombo, and expanded services at Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital.

In the water sector, Hassan pledged to expand clean water access alongside the second phase of the SameMwangaKorogwe scheme. The campaign rally featured endorsements from senior CCM figures, including Nape Nnauye and Prof Kitila Mkumbo, who praised Hassan’s leadership and the “R4” development philosophy that has opened northern Tanzania to trade and investment.

Moshi Urban CCM parliamentary candidate Ibrahim Shayo echoed Hassan’s message, highlighting local progress and pledging to ensure underserved wards benefit from ongoing government projects. He also noted reforms easing fees and licensing for bajaji and boda boda operators.

The event, marked by songs, dances and local endorsements, set the tone for CCM’s bid for a second term under President Hassan. .

Dar es Salaam. Few would imagine that polygamy could emerge as a central plank in a presidential campaign.

Yet in the unpredictable world of politics, bizarre promises often surface. National Reconstruction Alliance (NRA) presidential candidate Khamis Faki Mgau has placed polygamy at the heart of his campaign, vowing that if elected as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council, men with only one wife will be jailed.

“Young men, get ready. If I become President, it will be illegal in Zanzibar for any man to have only one wife.

We will start with two wives and move forward. Any man who refuses to marry at least two wives will face six years in prison,” Mr Mgau told supporters on the campaign trail.

In addition to his controversial polygamy pledge, Mr Mgau has promised sweeping economic reforms, including a monthly salary for every Zanzibari aged five and above, with a minimum of Sh900,000. Campaign promises and vision Mr Mgau insists that life under his rule would be marked by prosperity, wealth creation, and a strengthened economy. Such growth, he argues, would eliminate any excuse for Zanzibari men to limit themselves to one wife when they can provide for more.

To reinforce his position, he repeatedly declares that clinging to monogamy will not be tolerated. He portrays polygamy not only as a cultural practice but also as a tool for social and economic expansion.

The NRA candidate has also pledged allowances for every child, including newborns, signalling what he calls “a government of inclusive prosperity.” He argues that his leadership would guarantee a higher standard of living for all islanders, promising better salaries for civil servants, improved infrastructure, and enhanced social services.

Not his first attempt This is not Mr Mgau’s first bid for Zanzibar’s highest office. He previously contested the 2020 General Election on the NRA ticket.

At the time, his campaign centred on Pemba, where he sought to challenge the late ACT-Wazalendo chairman, Seif Sharif Hamad, long regarded as the island’s political strongman. In his 2020 campaign, he declared, “For many years, that man (Seif) has considered Pemba his own.

I have decided this year to camp in Pemba to liberate the people from his politics.” Mr Hamad died on February 17, 2021, marking the end of an era in Zanzibar politics.

With Hamad gone, Mr Mgau has shifted focus, this time rallying voters around the banner of polygamy. He urges Zanzibaris to embrace multiple marriages and “multiply for the good of society.

” Eye on 2025 General Election Ahead of the 2025 polls, Mr Mgau expresses confidence in his chances, claiming that Zanzibaris understand his language and identify with his agenda. He urges citizens to vote peacefully and return home without incident.

The NRA candidate envisions Zanzibar’s development benchmarked against Dar es Salaam. He cites the Mfugale flyover, Chang’ombe flyover, and the Kijazi Interchange at Ubungo as symbols of modern infrastructure, vowing to deliver even bigger projects.

Zanzibar, under President Hussein Ali Mwinyi, has already embarked on similar projects, such as the construction of flyovers at Mwanakwerekwe and Aman. Yet Mr Mgau insists that traffic congestion remains a serious problem in the islands’ small cities due to rising vehicle numbers.

His solution is ambitious: building as many flyovers as necessary to ease movement. “Infrastructure will be my top priority once elected,” he stresses.

From Pemba to Unguja Mr Mgau, who currently serves as NRA Vice-Chairman for Zanzibar, hails from Kangagani village in Wete District, Pemba, but now lives in Unguja. His campaign narrative highlights his deep understanding of both islands, positioning himself as a leader who can unify Zanzibar.

Beyond infrastructure, he promises to strengthen the aviation sector, including acquiring modern aircraft capable of carrying at least 250 passengers. He says this would expand Zanzibar’s tourism potential and stimulate economic growth.

Early life and education Mr Khamis Faki Mgau was born on June 12, 1978, in Kangagani, Pemba. He is the fourth of nine children of Mr Faki Mgau Haji and Ms Kame Hamis Saleh, both natives of the island.

He began primary education at Kangagani Primary School in 1989 and completed secondary education there in 2000. After finishing Form Four, he did not pursue higher studies; instead, he turned his attention to politics. Political journey Mr Mgau’s political career began in 2000 when he joined the Tanzania Labour Party (TLP), inspired by the then-chairman, Augustino Lyatonga Mrema.

From 2000 to 2004, he served as a member and later became the TLP chairman for Wete District. In the 2005 General Election, dissatisfied with TLP’s performance, he defected to Chadema, convinced the party could perform better.

But after disappointing results, he abandoned the opposition outfit and joined the NRA in 2006. That same year, he was elected NRA Secretary for North Pemba. His organisational skills and political energy impressed fellow members, leading to his promotion in 2007 as NRA Coordinator for Pemba.

By the 2010 General Election, he was nominated as the NRA’s parliamentary candidate for Kojani Constituency in Wete District. Although he finished third behind CUF and CCM, he was credited with raising NRA’s profile in the area.

He contested again in 2015 but came third once more. Two years later, during NRA’s internal elections, he successfully vied for the post of Vice-Chairman for Zanzibar, winning by a landslide.

Leadership style and pledges Mr Mgau insists that his leadership would surpass that of his predecessors. His promises extend beyond polygamy and flyovers, touching on several sectors such as civil service, where he pledges to raise salaries and improve welfare for government employees.

In the tourism and aviation sectors, Mr Mgau promises to expand the aviation sector with larger aircraft to boost arrivals, while citizens aged five and above would be given monthly salaries alongside child allowances to strengthen the Isles’ social welfare. Regarding infrastructure, peace and security, he pledged to prioritise flyovers and road networks to ease traffic congestion, and to safeguard harmony before, during and after the elections.

He says peace will remain the cornerstone of his presidency. “I understand the many challenges Zanzibar faces.

If elected, I will ensure citizens live comfortably in their homeland,” he affirms. Personal life Mr Mgau is married to Ms Hazala Hassan Khamis.

He portrays himself as a family man deeply committed to the values of Zanzibari society. His polygamy stance, he argues, is not merely a political gimmick but a reflection of cultural norms he wishes to strengthen under his leadership.

A candidate who courts controversy With his radical pledges, Mr Mgau stands out as one of the more unconventional figures in Zanzibar’s political landscape. His ideas, ranging from criminalising monogamy to paying salaries to children, have drawn both criticism and intrigue.

Observers say his campaign resonates with some sections of the electorate who view him as a bold, unapologetic politician ready to challenge conventional politics. Critics, however, dismiss his promises as unrealistic and populist.

Yet for Mr Mgau, winning is not only about promises but about connecting with voters. He believes his background, grassroots political experience, and outspoken nature set him apart.

As the 2025 General Election approaches, Mr Mgau is banking on his high-profile pledges to galvanise support. Whether his radical proposals will translate into votes remains to be seen.

For now, he continues to traverse Zanzibar’s towns and villages, urging citizens to embrace his vision of prosperity, multiple marriages, and bold infrastructure. His message is clear: trust me with leadership, and Zanzibar will not only prosper but also chart a new political path.

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In 2007, the Maasai communities living in the foothills of Ol Doinyo Lengai Mountain were in disarray. The rumbling they had been hearing from their ‘Mountain of God’, located in the Ngorongoro district, had finally erupted.

The lava rose more than 18 kilometres into the atmosphere, sending debris and molten rock more than 100 kilometres away. The mountain sits near Lake Natron in northern Tanzania, but the debris flew as far as Arusha, dusting buildings and vehicles.

Locals feared they would choke to death. From September 2007 to early 2008, people lived in constant fear of the destruction emanating from the volcanic mountain.

Yet Ol Doinyo Lengai’s fury did not claim a single human life. Animals in nearby villages, however, were not spared.

The pastoralist community recounted lava landing on their cows. When they tried to wipe it off, it would peel the skin from their cattle.

The destruction could have been much worse, had it not been for the uniqueness of this volcanic mountain. It contains what they call ‘cold lava’.

Unlike other mountains in the world that erupt red ‘basaltic’ lava, the most common type from volcanoes, which reaches 1,000 degrees Celsius, the black lava from Ol Doinyo Lengai is just 500 degrees Celsius. This lower temperature gives it its nickname.

When the lava comes into contact with moisture or the ground, it turns white. Eruptions have been active since 1884, bursting as far as 100 kilometres away.

In doing so, they inadvertently helped preserve early modern human footprints at ancient historical sites, left some 10,000 years ago. The site, on the southern shores of Lake Natron, is known as “The dance floor”.

The Maasai community, who regard the mountain as sacred, felt the need to appease their god, Engai. Elders spoke of rituals they had to perform in early 2008, in accordance with their culture.

They had to find a fat, healthy bull and take it to the mountain amidst volcanic bombs. After the slaughter, they reported that all lava eruptions stopped.

They did not know what had angered their god but were relieved when the commotion ceased and peace returned. Apart from a few cattle consumed by lava, all community members were accounted for.

At 9,718 feet, Ol Doinyo Lengai is the world’s only active carbonatite volcano. The mountain blends science, spirituality, and adventure.

Hikers still climb it under close supervision. It is deemed risky because, despite scientific advancements and years of study by the world’s top geologists, little is known about this strange mountain.

It is one of the few ‘living volcanoes you can stand on,’ and no one knows when it will erupt again. The terrain is steep, and most hikers tackle it at night to avoid the burning sun.

From the top, climbers get a view of the rift valley. On clear days, Mount Kilimanjaro is visible.

The mountain is near Lake Natron, another unique geographical feature, famous for its flamingos. Six years ago, rumblings from the mountain’s underbelly were heard again.

Villagers, recalling past incidents, feared another eruption. This time, however, it died down without incident.

Geologists from across the world have camped near the mountain to study its unique features. They seek to compare the Mountain of God with other volcanic mountains.

Kate Laxton, from University College London, travelled to Tanzania to study this bizarre volcano. Her PhD project was titled Monitoring degassing behaviour and eruption precursors at Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania.

She attested that the mountain’s remoteness hinders constant monitoring and study. Researchers established that one of the main differences is its composition.

Other volcanoes contain silica, whereas Ol Doinyo Lengai also contains sodium and calcium carbonate, among other minerals. The mountain is inaccessible 100 metres below the crater rim, adding to its mystery.

It is known as the strangest volcano in the world, with the coldest lava on earth. To locals, it is both a tourist attraction and a religious site.

“This is the mountain I consider the source of fertility to the Serengeti. The ashes from Ol Doinyo Lengai supply nutrients that the Serengeti depends on,” said Kate.

The Maasai believe this mountain is where their god, Engai, dwells. Their deity blesses them with rainfall, life, and fertility.

It is a place of worship and community gatherings during sacrificial offerings. During famine, conflicts, or difficult times, elders lead their people in asking Engai for forgiveness, protection, and blessings.

Its aura and geographic formation are as mysterious as they are captivating. In 2003, Hollywood brought Angelina Jolie to film parts of Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, using the mountain’s landscape and Rift Valley for their otherworldly appearance.

In 2007, during an expedition, a local guide fell into lava. The story became a testament to the cold nature of the lava.

On any other volcano, the guide’s bones would have melted within minutes. In this case, he escaped with his life and climbed back up.

Despite severe burns, the Maasai guide fully recovered. Very few hikers attempt to summit this active volcano.

Five out of ten never reach the top. It takes seven hours to get there.

An off-road truck is required to navigate roads to the mountain’s foot. The four-hour drive is far from dull.

Along the way, travellers witness the magnitude of wildebeest, giraffes, and many other animals. Once at the base, the ascent begins in pitch darkness, with a headlamp as the only source of light.

Darkness can be a friend, hiding the real length of the journey ahead and helping climbers focus on each step. Above, the sky is full of glittering stars.

After a five-hour midnight march, hikers reach a resting point. There is roughly 30 minutes for snacks and rejuvenation before continuing to the summit.

Like any long hike, fatigue sets in, but one’s spirit must remain resilient and focused. An early start is necessary to beat the sunrise.

The last one and a half hours to the summit is the steepest, requiring extra perseverance. Upon reaching the crater, the smell of lava signals arrival at the top of the world’s only carbonatite volcano.

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Dar es Salaam. Tanzania’s economy is losing an estimated Sh3.47 trillion ($1.3 billion) every year due to the effects of child undernutrition, according to a new study.

The figure, equivalent to two percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), reflects increased healthcare costs, strain on education, and reduced workforce productivity. The findings, presented yesterday in Dar es Salaam under the Cost of Hunger in Africa (COHA) study, were released as the country hosts the 12th Tanzania Health Summit, which runs from October 1 to 3.

According to the World Food Programme (WFP), Tanzania has reduced child stunting rates from 50 percent three decades ago to 30 percent today, though the figure remains above the global average of 23 percent. In 2022, nearly 2.

8 million children under five were stunted and over 1.1 million were underweight, most between 12 and 23 months.

The analysis estimates that Tanzania could save up to S.2 trillion annually if stunting fell to 15 percent by 2030. Grade repetitions linked to malnutrition alone cost the country Sh125.2 billion in 2022. Children suffering from stunting are more than twice as likely to repeat a school grade compared to well-nourished peers.

With this launch, Tanzania becomes the 26th African country to join regional efforts to address child undernutrition. Previous COHA studies in 25 other African nations found GDP losses of between 1.

9 and 16.5 percent. Director General of the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dr Germana Henry Leyna, said the study ensures nutrition remains a policy priority.

“The COHA analysis bridges a gap by quantifying the impact of malnutrition and translating it into monetary terms,” she said. Sanku chief executive Felix Brooks-Church pointed to weak mandates, inadequate laboratories, counterfeit premixes, and poor market monitoring as major obstacles.

“If Tanzania is to succeed in eliminating malnutrition, it must ensure laws and regulations are properly implemented,” he said. From January 2026, producers and sellers of maize flour, wheat flour, salt, and cooking oil will be required to fortify their products.

Nutrition Officer from the Ministry of Health, Peter Kaja, said regulations were gazetted last year and enforcement will begin next year. Mr Kaja said this at the 12th Tanzania Health Summit (THS) which has brought 2,500 local and foreign experts from 25 countries including Tanzania.

“Those who produce or sell unfortified products will not be allowed to operate. Extension officers will be deployed nationwide to inspect shops, and those found with unfortified products will be held accountable,” he said.

The study was led by the Government of Tanzania, covering both Mainland and Zanzibar, in collaboration with WFP, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), TFNC, the Office of the Chief Government Statistician Zanzibar (OCGS), UNICEF, the African Union Commission (AUC), AUDA-NEPAD, and the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). WFP said it will continue to support national efforts through school feeding and nutrition programmes that help children stay in school, perform better, and reach their potential.

Experts warn that without urgent action, Tanzania will continue to bear both the human and economic burden of malnutrition for generations. .