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WHAT is the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and why is it still important in Nigeria?

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, or PMTCT, is a set of interventions aimed at preventing HIV transmission from an HIV-positive mother to her baby during pregnancy, labour, delivery, and breastfeeding. Once we understand this, the key question becomes: what exactly are we preventing? Without these interventions, a woman has up to a 45 per cent risk of transmitting HIV to her unborn child. However, the good news is that with proper intervention, this risk can be reduced to less than 2 per cent. A significant number of infections can be prevented. It’s important to note that infants who acquire HIV from their mothers have less than a 50 per cent chance of celebrating their second birthday. It’s a killer disease.

It is critically important that the government continues to prioritize PMTCT and focus on it so we can reach a point where mother-to-child transmission of HIV is no longer a public health issue. This is essential if we are to achieve an HIV-free generation by 2030. Nigeria alone contributes 22,000 new infections annually. This is alarming, making Nigeria one of the countries with the highest rates of mother-to-child HIV transmission. To be effective, PMTCT services must be made available across communities so that pregnant women can access care and achieve viral suppression. When HIV-positive pregnant women take their medication, their viral load drops significantly, and once it becomes undetectable, the risk of transmission to the unborn child is almost eliminated. As the saying goes, U = U – Undetectable equals Untransmittable.

What is CDC doing to support Nigeria’s efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and why is this support important?

The U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has been at the forefront of efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Nigeria. We provide both technical and financial support to the government to enable an effective response. Our support includes the procurement of ARVs and ensuring they are available in supported hospitals. CDC currently supports 1,204 health facilities across 18 states. Out of the 2,410 total PMTCT centres in Nigeria, CDC supports nearly 50 per cent through our implementing partners.

We offer a range of services, including HIV testing, which is the first step in prevention. We’ve also built the capacity of healthcare workers to provide ethical and safe PMTCT services to women in need. We provide essential supplies and support policy development to ensure services meet international standards. We also offer infrastructural support to health facilities, including basic tools such as weighing scales for adults and children, as well as monitoring tools to track women enrolled in the programme over time. Since women may have repeated pregnancies in the course of their reproductive years, we ensure continuity of care by tracking their progress across visits.

Is CDC’s support making a difference in closing the gaps in Nigeria’s PMTCT programme?

What challenges remain, and how can Through our partners, CDC provides extensive data management support, from field-level data collection to digital documentation. We’ve also introduced electronic platforms to transition from paper-based systems to digital records. We conduct periodic evaluations to assess impact. For example, between September 30, 2023, and October 1, 2024, we screened about 20,000 HIV-exposed infants. Only 19 tested positive, representing less than 1 per cent, compared to the 45 per cent risk without intervention. This means we averted HIV infection in nearly 9,000 infants – a clear indicator of our impact. Those give us feedback on what’s happening in the field and help us to address issues that may impede women from accessing services.

However, challenges remain. One major issue is access to services. According to the NDHS 2024, only 63 per cent of women attend ANC at least once during pregnancy. The remaining 37 per cent seek care elsewhere at traditional birth attendants or faith homes or even deliver at home or in the bush. These women significantly contribute to maternal and infant mortality over time. To address this, we’ve taken services to them in the community. One strategy is the Baby Shower Initiative, which brings HIV services to faith-based gatherings where pregnant women gather to care for their pregnancy and provide HIV services along with it.

How can communities and key stakeholders help women-especially those who are pregnant or planning to have children-access PMTCT services?

Ownership is critical, and it starts at the community level. There are key players within every community, and any public health intervention or program that lacks community context is likely to fail. Our programmes have adopted strategies that prioritise community involvement. We begin with community leaders, engaging them as advocates. They help mobilize and sensitise the community about the benefits of PMTCT and the importance of women taking ownership of their health. These leaders encourage women to attend antenatal clinics rather than deliver at home or in informal settings. Beyond leaders, we also involve local community members in designing programs that are tailored to the specific needs of each community. What is acceptable in one community may not be in another, so we ensure our training curricula and delivery programs are culturally sensitive and context specific.

Pregnant women themselves are vital members of the community and should also serve as advocates. They can share information about PMTCT with other women, whether pregnant or raising children, and guide them on where to seek help. We also identify and train community members who can serve as mobilisers and peer educators, helping women access services.

The government plays a crucial role in policy development and revision, creating an enabling environment for women to access care. In some cases, challenges like security issues or natural disasters, like the flooding in Rivers State, can hinder access. In such instances, government support has enabled us to reach affected communities, even across floodwaters, to continue service delivery.

When should pregnant women living with HIV start antiretroviral treatment, and why is early treatment important?

In the early days of HIV programmes, there were strict criteria for determining who should start medication. Today, science has shown the benefits of early initiation of treatment. This is why we now follow the ‘Test and Start’ approach: as soon as a pregnant woman tests positive for HIV, it is important she starts medication immediately, unless there is a medical contraindication. Starting treatment early helps prevent frequent illness. Without treatment, HIV weakens the immune system over time, leading to opportunistic infections and progression to AIDS.

Early treatment helps prevent complications such as tuberculosis, oral thrush, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and organ damage. It also reduces the risk of transmission to partners and babies, as it leads to viral suppression. When a person’s viral load becomes undetectable, it means the virus is still present but cannot be transmitted. This is the basis of the message: U = U – Undetectable equals Untransmittable. At the community level, early identification and treatment help stop transmission. At the individual level, it ensures people stay healthy and live longer, fuller lives.

What steps can women take to protect themselves and their babies from HIV during pregnancy and childbirth?

Women of reproductive age and especially pregnant women should get tested for HIV during every pregnancy with appropriate counselling. If a woman tests positive, then steps need to be taken; she needs to commence ART – antiretroviral therapy – immediately. Women living with HIV should discuss family planning options with their healthcare provider and partner. Unplanned pregnancies should be avoided to ensure proper care and monitoring. Pregnant women should attend antenatal clinics and avoid delivering at home or in the bush or on the farm. Regular viral load testing is essential to monitor treatment effectiveness. After delivery, babies should be brought in for early infant diagnosis to ensure timely intervention if needed.

After birth, the baby also needs to have some medications, which we call ARVs, to prevent HIV transmission. These medications are essential in ensuring the baby remains HIV-free. We take further steps to ensure the baby is protected until they reach what is called a ‘final outcome’, the point at which the baby can be officially discharged and declared HIV-negative. All 1,204 health facilities we support offer free services from start to finish.

There are specific times when medications should be taken, and it’s important for mothers to adhere to the schedule and attend hospital visits for monitoring, including viral load testing. This helps track progress and detects any issues early. If they experience any side effects-such as rashes or vomiting-they should report to the hospital immediately. Healthcare workers can help them manage these effects and stay on treatment.

What can be done to help pregnant and breastfeeding women stay in care and stick to their HIV treatment?

Healthcare workers need to be very sensitive to the needs of these women, be empathetic with their condition, and non-judgmental in their approach. Once they come into the service, they should ensure that the correct testing is done, which is free. If they are HIV-positive, they should commence medication as early as possible, and they should adhere to their medications. There are times when the medications should be taken; they should stick to it, and they should come into the hospital for monitoring by way of giving their blood for viral load monitoring so that healthcare workers can monitor their progress.

Joining a support group is also highly beneficial. These groups consist of women living with HIV who have gone through pregnancy and PMTCT. Sharing experiences helps reduce stigma, provide emotional support, and encourage consistent clinic attendance and adherence to treatment. After delivery, it’s crucial that the baby receives appropriate follow-up care. Once the baby is discharged, the mother must continue her HIV treatment for life. As of now, HIV treatment is lifelong, even after childbirth. Having a baby does not mean the mother is cured. She must return to the facility where she began treatment to continue receiving care.

Fortunately, treatment has become simpler. Instead of taking multiple pills, most patients now take a single fixed-dose combination tablet that contains three drugs. This makes adherence easier and improves quality of life. These medications are also safe and effective.

How can PMTCT services be better integrated into maternal and child health care to improve outcomes for mothers and babies?

We aim to make the programme as simple and sustainable as possible so that the government can take full ownership. On the policy side, we’ve worked to ensure that HIV services are integrated with maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) services. This means that at HIV service points, MNCH services should also be available, and at MNCH service points, HIV services should be provided.

This policy integration already exists within the government framework. Beyond policy, we ensure that healthcare workers are trained and capable of delivering integrated services. We also ensure that commodity supplies are available at all service points. A major achievement has been the integration of HIV services into the Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Week, which takes place twice a year. During this week, mothers and children under five receive a range of healthcare services at the community level. Now, HIV testing is part of this package. As healthcare workers go into communities, they not only provide general health services but also offer HIV testing and linkage to care for those who test positive.

Our approach brings together policy, technical support, and service delivery. We are breaking down silos and building a comprehensive, community-centred system that ensures no woman or child is left behind.

The Tony Elumelu Foundation has won a prestigious award at the 60th Annual Appeal of Conscience Awards in New York.

The award recognises the Tony Elumelu Foundation’s efforts in empowering a generation of young African entrepreneurs with economic opportunities and the means to shape their own destinies.

Speaking at the event, Dr. Awele Elumelu, Co-Founder of TEF conveyed Mr. Elumelu’s gratitude and heartfelt words, highlighting his commitment to transforming lives across Africa through his philosophy of Africapitalism.

She expressed gratitude for the award, acknowledging its alignment with Tony’s values and the legacy of the Foundation and Rabbi Arthur Schneier.

In a somber moment, she honored the memory of six colleagues who recently lost their lives in a tragic incident, emphasizing the deep sense of loss felt across their community.

Dr. Elumelu spoke passionately about her husband’s commitment to uplifting lives across Africa through the philosophy of Africapitalism, which highlights the powerful role of the private sector in community well-being.

She shared Tony’s journey, marked by determination and a belief in Africa’s vast potential, noting the success of his businesses which employ over 40,000 people globally, including the United Bank for Africa in New York.

Highlighting the impact of the Tony Elumelu Foundation, she revealed that it has invested over $100 million in seed funding for more than 24,000 young African entrepreneurs, providing them with the tools to shape their futures and combat issues such as economic instability and migration.

Dr. Elumelu emphasised the ongoing need for collaboration among those who share similar values and acknowledged the importance of collective efforts in addressing global challenges.

She extended her appreciation to Cardinal Timothy Dolan for his leadership, Rabbi Schneier for his visionary work, and her friend Maurice Levy for the recognition.

Finally, she dedicated the award to the thousands of Africapitalists across the continent, as well as her family, whose unwavering support serves as a source of strength.

Dr. Elumelu however expressing gratitude for the honor and reaffirming their shared commitment to building a prosperous future for Africa and beyond.

As FG brokers truce over dispute

THE Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association of Nigeria (PENGASSAN) has announced the suspension of its nationwide strike against the Dangote Petroleum Refinery, stressing that the action was taken strictly out of respect for the Federal Government and its institutions involved in the conciliation process.

Addressing newsmen in Abuja, PENGASSAN President, Comrade Festus Osifo, made it clear that the union was dissatisfied with the terms of the agreement brokered between the parties, particularly as it failed to address their key demand, which is the immediate reinstatement of over 800 Nigerian workers allegedly sacked by the refinery.

He warned that the union would not hesitate to resume the suspended strike without notice if the Dangote management defaults on its commitments.

The Federal Government had, on Tuesday, brokered a truce between PENGASSAN and the management of Dangote Petroleum Refinery.

The truce was contained in a communiqué issued and signed by the Minister of Labour and Employment, Dr Muhammad Maigari-Dingyadi, at the end of a two-day conciliation meeting and made available to newsmen on Wednesday in Abuja.

The meeting, which was held on Monday and Tuesday, brought together the National Security Adviser (NSA), Ministers of Finance, Budget and Economic Planning, and State for Petroleum (Gas), alongside the DSS, NIA, NNPCL, NMDPRA, NUPRC and labour leaders.

However, PENGASSAN President said: ‘We are not happy with the terms of the agreement because it did not capture our main demand of recalling the 800 sacked Nigerians. But out of respect for government institutions, for the National Security Adviser, the DSS, the Chief Reconciliator of the Federation, and ministers who worked tirelessly into the early hours of the morning to mediate, we decided to suspend the action. However, let me be clear: if Dangote fails to keep its part, we will resume immediately, without any warning.’

The union leader expressed deep reservations about the sincerity of the refinery management, saying PENGASSAN has ‘mutual suspicion’ that Dangote will attempt to renege on the deal. ‘We know that Dangote does not play by the rules or respect agreements. We believe and suspect that some of the promises extracted during the negotiations will not be honoured. But because we respect due process and institutions of government, we will give them that benefit of doubt. Yet, any breach will be met with severe and immediate response,’ he said.

Responding to widespread allegations that the union’s insistence on reinstating the 800 sacked workers was driven by a desire to secure check-off dues, Osifo dismissed the claims as ‘laughable and mischievous.’ According to him, the salaries of the affected workers are meagre compared to the earnings of PENGASSAN members in other multinational oil companies, making such accusations baseless.

‘So we clearly ask, is it because of check-off dues that PENGASSAN went on strike? The salaries being paid to these 800 members, if you add them all together, are less than what 20 of our members earn in companies like Chevron, TotalEnergies, or ExxonMobil. Their check-off dues are not even up to the check-off dues of our least-paid members elsewhere. So why should we be chasing this because of dues? It is actually about the freedom of association and the welfare of our members, because when we enter organisations, we improve conditions of service, and that is why workers subscribe to us,’ he explained.

Osifo further argued that PENGASSAN had a long record of defending workers’ rights without stifling the companies where its members operate, citing the example of Shell, TotalEnergies, and ExxonMobil which have thrived despite having thousands of PENGASSAN members. ‘At one time, Shell had over 10,000 of our members, and they invested more than $200 billion in Nigeria. Did we kill Shell? Instead, we assisted Shell, TotalEnergies, and ExxonMobil to grow. We are not out to kill Dangote Refinery, which has barely invested $20 billion. That narrative is false,’ he said.

He stressed that the oil and gas workforce has carried the burden of Nigeria’s economy for decades, providing over 90 percent of the nation’s foreign exchange earnings. ‘We know who we are and what we stand for. We are patriots who love this country more than any single individual, and that is why, despite our reservations, we chose to suspend this strike in deference to government efforts,’ Osifo maintained.

While thanking the government officials and agencies that intervened in the dispute, he reiterated PENGASSAN’s vigilance. ‘We will be monitoring closely. Any slip, any breach, any part of this agreement that is not kept, we will not issue further notice. We will not give any warning. We will resume the suspended industrial action immediately. That is our resolution,’ he warned.

Osifo concluded by affirming that PENGASSAN’s struggle is not against progress but against injustice, and that the union will remain steadfast in defending the rights and welfare of its members, no matter whose interest is at stake.

It will be recalled that the conciliation was convened after PENGASSAN directed its members to stop gas supply and withdraw services from the refinery.

The union had accused the company of terminating the employment of more than 800 of its members, which triggered the industrial action.

Dangote Refinery, however, explained that the disengagement of workers was due to an ongoing restructuring exercise in the company.

According to the communiqué, the meeting resolved that unionisation is a fundamental right of workers under Nigerian law and must be respected by the company.

It was further agreed that the management of Dangote Group should immediately begin the redeployment of the affected workers into other subsidiaries within the group without any loss of pay.

The meeting also resolved that no worker would be victimised for participating in the dispute between PENGASSAN and the company.

PENGASSAN in turn agreed to commence the process of calling off its strike, while both parties pledged to implement the resolutions in good faith.

Nigeria’s aviation industry has come a long way since its humble beginnings in 1925 when the first aircraft, a Royal Air Force plane, landed in Kano.

Today, it stands as a testament to the nation’s ambition and resilience, with a rich history that spans over nine decades. As the country celebrates its 65th independence anniversary, the aviation industry has become a vital component of Nigeria’s economy and development.

The industry’s growth has been remarkable, with the establishment of Nigerian Airways in 1958 marking the beginning of commercial aviation in the country. Although the airline collapsed in 2003 due to mismanagement and financial troubles, the private sector quickly stepped in to fill the void.

First, it was airlines like Aero Contractor that broke the national carrier’s monopoly in 1960, followed by Okada Air in 1983 and ADC in 1984. Airlines like Arik Air, Air Peace, and Dana Air thereafter emerged to offer new hope for the industry’s future at the demise of Nigeria Airways.

Air Peace, now uncontestably the largest domestic airlines in the country, has grown its fleet and network, and is providing reliable domestic flights and international routes to destinations in West Africa, the Middle East, and beyond. There is also ValueJet which is showing considerable strength on the regional wing, just as we are witnessing a revolution of state-owned airlines springing up in droves in the country.

By and large, the industry’s growth has had a profound impact on Nigeria’s economy, creating jobs, generating revenue, and contributing to the nation’s GDP.

However, despite its growth, Nigeria’s aviation industry still faces challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, safety concerns, and regulatory issues. To address these challenges, the present government has been supportive to the regulatory agencies like the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) and the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN) to ensure safety and efficiency in the industry.

But as the industry continues to grow and expand, it is essential to prioritize safety, efficiency, and innovation to ensure its sustainability and contribution to Nigeria’s economic development.

With the right support and infrastructure in place, the aviation industry is poised to play an even more significant role in shaping Nigeria’s future.

The aviation industry’s impact on Nigeria’s economy cannot be overstated. According to a study, the industry has encouraged employment and revenue generation, and its growth has had a positive impact on the nation’s socio-political landscape. The industry’s growth has also facilitated international relations, diplomacy, and foreign policy, making it a vital component of Nigeria’s economic development.

In recent years, the industry has seen significant growth, with the emergence of new airlines and the expansion of existing ones. This growth has led to increased competition, which has resulted in better services. The industry’s growth has also led to the creation of new jobs, both directly and indirectly, contributing to the nation’s economic development.

Despite the challenges facing the industry, stakeholders are optimistic about its future. The government has taken steps to address some of the challenges, including aiding of commercial airlines to access dry lease overseas to cushion the effects of the harsh economy on their operations. The ‘Fly Nigeria’ policy of the present administration is also a potent device to shore up the financial base of the local carriers, if effectively implemented.

The industry’s growth has also been driven by the private sector, with airlines like Air Peace, ValueJet, Ibom Air etc, investing heavily in the industry.

As Nigeria celebrates its 65th independence anniversary, the aviation industry has proven itself to be a vital component of the nation’s economy and development. With its rich history and growth, the industry is poised to play an even more significant role in shaping Nigeria’s future.

However, to achieve this, the stakeholders have to eschew pettiness and be ready to work together to address the industry’s challenges and unlock its full potential.

As the industry continues to grow and expand, what should be of priority now are: safety, efficiency, and innovation to ensure its sustainability and contribution to Nigeria’s economic development. There should be an abrupt stop to window dressing and corner cutting that create a living and healthy façade while the content is hogwash.

With the right support and infrastructure in place, the aviation industry is poised to soar to new heights, driving economic growth and putting Nigeria on the global map.

Governor Umo Eno of Akwa Ibom State has applauded the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA), the Managing Director/CEO of Ibom Airport Development Company, Mr Uwem Ekanem, and the airport board for the successful restoration of night flight operations at Victor Attah International Airport, Uyo.

In a statement issued on Wednesday, the governor said the exercise, which culminated in the full calibration and overhaul of navigational aids as well as the reinstatement of airfield lighting, was completed within the 30 September deadline he had set.

With the successful execution of the task, the sunrise-to-sunset restriction earlier imposed on the facility has now been lifted, allowing flight operations to continue into the night with immediate effect.

Governor Eno expressed satisfaction that the airport management rose to the occasion, stressing that the achievement was a direct outcome of his administration’s insistence on meeting deliverables under the Arise Agenda within specified timelines.

‘I congratulate the MD/CEO, Mr Uwem Ekanem, the staff, and the board for getting the job done within the timeline. I am equally appreciative of the invaluable role played by NAMA in ensuring the smooth completion of this project,’ the governor stated.

He assured that the government would not relent in providing the necessary support for the state’s aviation infrastructure, pledging further investments in the Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) facility, the international terminal, and other ongoing projects within the aviation ecosystem.

According to him, the improvements at Victor Attah International Airport are part of broader efforts to position Akwa Ibom as a key player in both aviation and tourism-sectors he described as central to the state’s economic diversification plans.

The governor linked the development to the state’s tourism agenda, pointing out that with night flight operations restored, the movement of tourists and business travellers would no longer be hindered. He noted that this would be particularly beneficial as the state prepares to commission the Arise Resorts in December, which he described as the nation’s premier family-themed resort.

‘Tourism remains a major plank of the Arise Agenda, and this milestone will ensure seamless operations by our flagship airline, Ibom Air, as we welcome tourists and investors into the state during the Yuletide season and beyond,’ he said.

Governor Eno reaffirmed his administration’s commitment to making Akwa Ibom the tourism haven of Nigeria, adding that with the strides recorded in aviation and hospitality, the state was steadily building a sustainable future with or without oil.

The Nigeria Employers’ Consultative Association (NECA) has expressed grave concern over the ongoing action by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association of Nigeria (PENGASSAN), warning that the action amounts to self-help and tantamount to economic sabotage capable of derailing the country’s fragile economic recovery.

In a statement issued in Lagos, the Director-General of NECA, Mr. Adewale-Smatt Oyerinde, emphasised that: ‘conflict is an inevitable feature of the labour ecosystem, and Nigeria has statutory and institutional frameworks designed to address any disputes, including the Industrial Arbitration Panel (IAP) and the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NICN). Any action capable of discouraging investment, undermining enterprises sustainability, or harming the workers that the unions claim to protect will be counter productive. While trade unions have the legitimate right to embark on industrial action, such rights must be exercised responsibly and within the bounds of the law.

‘It is unacceptable for any union to conscript or coerce those not interested in its action or disrupt the operations of legitimate businesses not party to the dispute. Treating Institutions of labour administration with disdain and resorting to self-help is not only absurd but also against all known Conventions and Recommendations. When employers or workers are aggrieved, there are Institutions created to adjudicate or arbitrate in such matters. Nigeria’s recovering economy cannot be sacrificed on the altar of actions and pronouncements that are alien to global and local industrial relations practice’, he added.

Speaking further, the DG noted that: ‘uninformed and disruptive actions that could jeopardise the nation’s economic survival are neither envisaged nor acceptable in global labour practice. NECA will not be a passive onlooker as the foundation of Nigeria’s labour ecosystem is trampled upon. While we acknowledge the right to strike, such rights cannot infringe on the rights of others or threaten the survival of enterprises.’

Citing international labour instruments, including ILO Conventions 87 and 98, Mr. Oyerinde reaffirmed NECA’s commitment to upholding global labour standards, decent work and responsible business conduct, while not negotiating employers’ rights to manage their enterprises and investments within the ambit of the law. He stressed that the protection afforded to union officials under international conventions does not extend to sabotage, coercion, or actions that undermine legitimate businesses or threaten national security.

Mr. Oyerinde called on the Honourable Minister of Labour and Employment to act decisively by stopping the wanton and wilful denigration of Nigeria’s industrial relations system. He stated that ‘with Nigeria sending one of the highest delegations to the ILO Conference annually, it is curious that basic industrial relations principles, Conventions, and Recommendations remain poorly applied.’ He called for the dispute to be resolved through lawful and constructive channels, warning that failure to act decisively could have far-reaching consequences for economic sustainability, job creation and preservation, investment attraction and promotion and national development.

As Nigerians mark October 1 Independence Day, many instantly think of the green-white-green flag and parades. But the independence moment produced a number of smaller, often-overlooked objects, places and cultural markers that helped shape how the new nation presented itself and how Nigerians remember 1960.

In this article,Tribune Online highlights seven lesser-known symbols tied to Nigeria’s independence and what they mean today.

1. The original flag sketch that included a red sun

The flag we know was not the first version chosen on paper. Designer Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi’s winning entry originally had a 16-ray red quarter-sun on the white stripe; the independence committee removed the sun before official adoption. Akinkunmi’s simple green-white-green won from thousands of entries.

2. The Nigerian Independence Medal

Instituted for military, police and selected British personnel serving at independence, the circular cupro-nickel independence medal carries the crowned effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on its obverse and the Nigerian coat of arms with the inscription ‘Nigeria Independence, 1st October 1960’ on the reverse. Its ribbon mirrors the national colors.

3. The 1960 ‘Independence Commemoration’ postage stamps

Postage stamps printed for the independence celebrations small collectibles today featured local sites and commemorative designs that circulated nationwide and abroad. They were part of the visual campaign that announced Nigeria’s new identity to the postal world.

4. The Coat of Arms’ hidden floral touch: Costus spectabilis

Nigeria’s coat of arms (formally adopted in 1960) is packed with symbolism: the black shield, the white wavy ‘Y’ for the Niger and Benue rivers, the eagle and horses and at the base, the yellow Costus spectabilis, Nigeria’s national flower, which many people don’t recognize by name.

5. The original national anthem

‘Nigeria, We Hail Thee’ was the anthem at independence (lyrics by Lillian Jean Williams) before being replaced in 1978. In May 2024 the government moved to readopt the independence anthem – a reminder that symbols chosen in 1960 still spark debate about history and identity.

6. The Race Course the place the Union Jack came down

The Union Jack was lowered and the new Nigerian flag hoisted at the Lagos Race Course in the hours around midnight on October 1, 1960 the physical site of the transfer of symbols and sovereignty. The ground would later be redeveloped and is remembered today as Tafawa Balewa Square.

7. The Constitutional Instruments presented by Princess Alexandra

At the ceremony, a representative of the Crown Princess Alexandra of Kent formally presented the constitutional instruments of independence (the legal parchment and formal transfer documents). Those ceremonial papers were the literal legal symbols of Nigeria’s new status.

Symbols aren’t only decorative. They package values, legitimize power and anchor public memory. Some like the flag or anthem are visible to everyone; others, like the medals, stamps, buildings and even a particular state-ball playlist, quietly shaped how independence felt and was broadcast to Nigerians and the world. Revisiting them sharpens how we tell the story of 1960 beyond the headline moments.

Bello Tukur, a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers (ICS) and Vice Chairman of its Nigerian Chapter, has built his career in the commercial shipping industry where he currently works with River Lake Shipping, a firm involved in tanker, dry bulk, and offshore services. In this interview with selected newsmen, he speaks on the role of shipbrokers in global trade, the opportunities and challenges in Nigeria’s maritime industry. TOLA ADENUBI brings the excerpts.

MANY people may not be familiar with the work of a shipbroker. How would you describe the profession and its relevance?

A shipbroker is essentially an intermediary who connects charterers with ship owners. We facilitate transactions-whether it is the sale and purchase of vessels, arranging chartering for tankers and bulk carriers, or providing offshore support services. Globally, shipbroking is a critical pillar of commercial shipping because it ensures that cargo and vessels meet efficiently in the marketplace.

The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers has been around for more than a century. What role has it played in shaping global maritime education?

The Institute has set the standard for commercial shipping education worldwide. For over 100 years, it has provided structured learning for professionals, and its members today are spread across major shipping lines, oil companies, and global commodity houses. For newcomers, the Institute offers a range of subjects that can be tailored to individual interests-whether in chartering, operations, or shipping law. It gives aspiring professionals a solid springboard into a global career in maritime commerce.

Let’s talk about Nigeria. From your perspective, what are the major issues confronting the Nigerian maritime sector today?

The most glaring challenge is infrastructure. Our ports were originally designed for about 50 million metric tonnes of cargo, yet they are handling over 100 million tonnes. That overstretches facilities and slows down cargo clearance. The new deep-sea ports with automated cargo handling are easing some of this pressure, but we still record delays in certain terminals. Security has improved, but insurance premiums remain high, and Nigeria has not yet been removed from the global piracy list. Beyond that, regulatory inconsistencies and overlapping agencies often complicate operations. The high cost of logistics-23% of GDP compared to a global average of 12%-is also a drag on competitiveness. The ICS contributes by developing skilled professionals who can help manage these issues more efficiently and by promoting best practices across the industry.

How can shipbroking support Nigeria’s participation in the African Continental Free Trade Agreement?

Nigeria currently has fewer than 40 qualified shipbrokers, and many unqualified individuals are filling the gap. This limits our ability to influence and expand intra-African trade. Take liner services, for example-shipping goods to Europe is often cheaper than moving them to a nearby African port, like Abidjan. That happens because of poor scheduling, irregular services, and limited capacity. With proper shipbroking structures, we can pool investments, set up coastal shipping services, arrange voyage or time charters, and build regional trade corridors. If done right, goods will no longer need to pass through Europe or Asia before reaching African destinations.

The government has introduced the Marine and Blue Economy Policy. Do you think it can transform the sector?

It is a commendable policy. It seeks to unlock the potential of our oceans by improving port efficiency, encouraging aquaculture, promoting shipbuilding, and investing in marine renewable energy. The target is to grow the maritime sector’s contribution to GDP from less than 1% to over 6% by 2030, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. However, the policy leaves out port and coastal clusters, which could help regions specialise, create jobs, and fully exploit marine potentials. To succeed, implementation must be backed by strong public-private partnerships. Only then will it move from being a good plan to an excellent outcome.

How do you see shipbroking evolving in Nigeria in the years ahead?

Globally, shipbroking is a billion-dollar business. In Nigeria, it is still developing, but it holds promise as a driver of local participation. Many indigenous operators depend on waivers because they can’t afford specialized vessels. Shipbroking offers an alternative through chartering. While NIMASA’s attempt to involve banks in vessel financing is laudable, many locals still can’t meet the requirements. Shipbroking can bridge these gaps by standardizing agreements, easing access to vessels, and building technical expertise. It is a tool that can significantly boost indigenous presence in tanker, bulk, and offshore markets.

Beyond NIMASA’s policies, what regulatory changes would you like to see?

The key issue is fragmentation. For instance, waivers are not issued by NIMASA but by the Ministry, when there is no local capacity. Instead of making waivers the default option, regulators should insist on chartering first. There is no vessel-whether rigs, offshore craft, or cargo ships-that cannot be accessed through time or voyage chartering. Making chartering compulsory before granting waivers will encourage local operators to build capacity sustainably.

What are your thoughts on how the government can grow maritime revenue?

The government must commit to full implementation of the Marine and Blue Economy Policy. This includes stronger regulation, proper monitoring of both public and private players, and a clear focus on capacity building. If this is done, Nigeria’s maritime sector could increase its GDP contribution to between 7-10% by 2030. That growth will translate into new jobs, industrial expansion, and greater export capacity.

What opportunities does the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers provide for capacity building in Nigeria?

We run three main programmes: Professional Qualifying Examinations (PQE): Covering Diploma and Advanced Diploma stages. The other one is Dissertation Route, which is a two-year programme for seasoned professionals who want to become full members. Then there is Certificate and Short Courses: Such as ‘Understanding Shipping,’ CPD programmes, and customized training for companies. We also admit students as members, giving them access to international-standard exams and resources that prepare them for careers in commercial shipping.

How does ICS link Nigerian shipbrokers to global best practices?

Our headquarters in London connects us to the global hub of shipping. We collaborate with BIMCO, the IMO, the Baltic Exchange, and the World Maritime University. Our training modules are aligned with international trade standards. We are also working to deepen partnerships with Nigerian universities-over 20 of them already run maritime programmes. Through exchange programmes and hands-on training, we hope to expose students to the realities of the global maritime marketplace.

The Cabotage Vessel Financing Fund has been a subject of debate. Why has it been so difficult to disburse, and what is your advice to the government?

The truth is that, unless shipping development becomes a true priority, the CVFF will never achieve its purpose. A framework has now been developed to guide disbursement, but the challenge lies in ensuring transparency and proper targeting. The fund must be released to operators with proven expertise, entrepreneurial ability, and genuine involvement in shipping-not just politically-connected individuals. Only then can it serve its purpose of building indigenous fleet capacity and contributing to the growth of the blue economy.

Stakeholders have observed that Nigeria’s education sector has shown gradual improvements in literacy and enrollment rates over the last 65 years, but still faces significant challenges.

Some of these challenges as listed by stakeholders include inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, teachers’ shortages and quality, high number of out-of-school children and low completion rates and limited access to quality learning materials.

An educationist, Professor Linus Amuta, said that though Nigeria has recorded modest achievements in terms of creation more institutions as stated by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu in his 65th Independence Anniversary broadcast to the nation, the major challenges remain inadequate funding and decline in the quality of the products from the system.

According to him, the fact that Nigeria on an annual basis allocates around seven per cent of its budget to the education sector means that this is far below the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) recommended 20 per cent.

He noted that the education sector has a yearly funding shortfall of approximately $1 billion, while about 60 percent of school infrastructures are in disrepair, affecting learning quality.

Amuta further revealed that there is an estimated deficit of over 20,000 classrooms nationwide, adding that only 10 percent of Nigerian teachers are considered highly trained.

‘Around 60 per cent of teachers lack adequate training, and there›s a teacher-student ratio of 1:40 in primary schools. The primary school completion rate is around 85 per cent, but the dropout rates increase significantly after primary school education, with over 40 per cent, not proceeding to secondary education,» he stated.

President Tinubu in his broadcast on Wednesday noted that Nigeria had made significant progress and that today Nigerians have access to better education and healthcare than in 1960.

He recalled that at Independence, Nigeria had 120 secondary schools with a student population of about 130,000.

‘Available data indicates that, as of 2024, there were more than 23,000 secondary schools in our country. At Independence, we had only the University of Ibadan and Yaba College of Technology as the two tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

‘By the end of last year, there were 274 universities, 183 Polytechnics, and 236 Colleges of Education in Nigeria, comprising Federal, State, and private institutions. We have experienced a significant surge in growth across every sector of our national life since Independence – in healthcare, infrastructure, financial services, manufacturing, telecommunications, information technology, aviation and defence, among others,’ Tinubu stated.

Professor Amuta, however, insisted that to address the myriad of challenges in the education sector, Nigeria needs to prioritise education funding, improve teacher training and infrastructure, and increase access to quality learning materials.

He added that the government at all levels should also focus on reducing dropout rates and improving completion rates, especially at secondary education level.

Also, speaking, the National President, Colleges of Education Academic Staff Union (COEASU), Dr Smart Olugbeko, expressed mixed feelings regarding the education sector, especially teacher›s education in the last 65 years of Nigeria’s political independence.

According to him, though, the country’s education sector is sickly, it isn’t a write-off.

He said the poor state Nigeria is in today is as a result of its level of education, as education defines development of any economy.

‘So, whichever way we look at the matter, Nigeria has not been able to make much impact. This is known to everyone, including the government officials that education is the bedrock of development.

‘However, in Nigeria, it is just a lip service that is being paid to the sector because a country that takes education seriously would definitely not treat teachers the way the Nigerian government is treating them.

‘Until we take this aspect seriously, we will continue to grope in the dark because the teacher›s role is crucial in a nation’s development.

‘Thus, governments at all levels need to give adequate priority to education and also treat teachers very well. Teachers deserve good salaries, welfare and condition of service.

‘Governments also need to address infrastructure deficits in schools across all levels and create an enabling environment for the non-state actors to thrive too.’

Olugbeko, however, pointed out that some of the steps taken by the current government in the sector, particularly the technical education will change the narrative, if well implemented.

Also speaking, the National President of League of Muslims School Proprietors (LEAMSP), Mr Abdulwahid Obalakun, said it was the failure of the government from the mid 80s that the private school operators took advantage of to take the centre stage of the country’s education sector.

According to him, all was good at independence and got better by the day up to the mid 80s when the successive government began to give lip service to the education sector and that action really affected government schools.

‘However, appears that the current government wants to change the narrative by putting the sector in the right direction with some of its policies and programmes, but they must be well-implemented,’ he stressed.

Obalakun, however, urged the government not only to create an enabling environment for private school owners to thrive but also to intensify its support to them.

He said the education sector now deserves to have a specialised bank just as there is the Bank of Industry and the Bank of Agriculture, where school owners can access free or one-digit interest loans for their operations.

Minister of Education, Dr Olatunji Alausa, however, acknowledged the unwavering leadership of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, whose Renewed Hope Agenda has made education one of the cornerstones of national development.

He noted that under President Tinubu’s guidance, Nigeria has witnessed an unprecedented budgetary allocation to the education sector, the highest in the history of the country.

‘This historic investment has enabled us to upgrade infrastructure across schools and tertiary institutions, expand access to teacher professional development, and launch groundbreaking reforms such as the Nigeria Education Sector Renewal Initiative (NESRI),’ he said.

He said the President has insisted that ‘no Nigerian child should be left behind because of poverty or geography’ and that this has been the driving force behind every programme launched by the Ministry of Education.

The Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) has extended its heartfelt congratulations to Engr. Mahmoud Ben Tukur on his re-election to Part II of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Council, underscoring Nigeria’s growing influence in global aviation governance.

Ben Tukur, a highly respected aviation professional and former General Manager of Airworthiness Standards at the NCAA, secured his seat during elections held on Saturday, September 27, 2025, at the ongoing 42nd ICAO Assembly in Montreal, Canada. His re-election marks another three-year term for Nigeria on the prestigious 36-member ICAO Council, alongside leading aviation nations such as Egypt, South Africa, India, Spain, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and Switzerland.

Speaking on the achievement, the NCAA highlighted Engr. Ben Tukur’s track record in advancing air safety, regulatory standards, and operational excellence. His leadership is expected to continue shaping key ICAO policies, promoting international collaboration, and ensuring that Nigeria remains a central voice in global aviation decision-making.

This accomplishment reinforces Nigeria’s commitment to enhancing civil aviation standards, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and participating actively in international dialogues that define the future of air transport. Engr. Ben Tukur’s re-election is seen as a strategic win, reflecting both his personal expertise and Nigeria’s credibility within the global aviation community.

The NCAA affirmed its unwavering support for Engr. Ben Tukur as he embarks on this renewed mandate, confident that his contributions will further elevate Nigeria’s profile in the global aviation sector and strengthen partnerships with ICAO member states.

Mahmoud Ben Tukur has been re-elected to the ICAO Council, ensuring Nigeria’s continued influence in global aviation. NCAA congratulates him on this milestone.