Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria has recognised education as a pillar of national development. It equips citizens with the skills needed for economic growth, social cohesion, and innovation. Post-independence, efforts shifted from colonial models to building inclusive, locally relevant systems. Unity schools, polytechnics, and universities were rapidly established, alongside agencies like WAEC, JAMB (1978), NERDC (1988), and the NUC (1962) to guide and regulate education.
Policies such as the National Policy on Education (NPE) and programmes like Universal Primary Education (UPE) and Universal Basic Education (UBE) aimed to make education free, compulsory, and standardised. The 1969 National Curriculum Conference sought to modernize learning content to reflect national values and development needs. Mass literacy campaigns were also launched across regions.
However, many of these reforms were undermined by inconsistent implementation, political interference, and poor infrastructure. Overcrowded classrooms, lack of electricity and internet, and shortages of trained teachers-especially in technical and vocational fields-continue to hinder progress. Regional disparities also persist, leaving rural and northern areas at a disadvantage.
Today, under President Bola Tinubu’s administration, fresh reforms are underway. These include increased education funding, the introduction of a student loan scheme, curriculum revisions, and nationwide digital skills training. The administration is pushing to integrate digital literacy across schools and boost technical and vocational education to meet modern demands. With over 170 universities now operating across the country, the focus is gradually shifting from expansion to improving quality and equity.
Student loan, curriculum review and reduced strikes
The landmark Student Loans (Access to Higher Education) (Repeal and Re-enactment) Act, 2024, marked a major shift in Nigeria’s approach to higher education funding. Through the establishment of the Nigerian Education Loan Fund (NELFUND), the Act provides interest-free loans to students enrolled in both tertiary and vocational institutions, covering not only tuition but also living expenses. Since disbursements began in February 2025-following the launch of the application portal in May 2024-NELFUND has disbursed over N107.6 billion to 581,878 students. Of this amount, N61.3 billion was paid directly to 231 approved tertiary institutions for tuition and fees, while N46.3 billion was distributed as monthly upkeep stipends of N20,000 per student, credited directly to their bank accounts.
In parallel with its funding reforms, the government has intensified dialogue with the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and other tertiary education unions. These engagements have yielded agreements aimed at resolving longstanding disputes and preventing strike actions. By settling part of the earned academic allowances and reopening negotiations, the administration has so far averted nationwide university strikes. However, this effort now faces a critical test. ASUU, during its recent National Executive Council (NEC) meeting at the University of Abuja, issued a 14-day ultimatum over lingering demands, signaling renewed tensions in the sector.
Meanwhile, the Federal Ministry of Education has completed a far-reaching curriculum review designed to align education with contemporary skills and economic demands. Rolled out in the current academic year, the revised curriculum places stronger emphasis on entrepreneurship, digital literacy, civic education, and practical skills acquisition. It reduces content overload and promotes hands-on learning across all levels. Key subjects like English and Mathematics remain central, while trade subjects for senior secondary students have been strengthened. History has also been reintroduced.
New focus areas now include programming, artificial intelligence, and other digital competencies, shifting towards a student-centered, competency-based approach. According to policy experts, the curriculum now better reflects labour market realities. In addition, plans are underway to upgrade medical schools and technical colleges. These reforms are reinforced by the government’s DOTS policy-covering Data Repository, Out-of-School Children Education, Teacher Development, and Skill Acquisition-to revitalise the broader education sector.
On the curriculum review, the Vice Chancellor African School of Economics, Prof. Mahfouz Adedimeji, said: ‘I deem the reform one of the best to happen to the education sector. I consider it a smart curriculum for smart students. I believe efforts are on to train teachers, who will in turn train their colleagues in the TTT format. Everything doesn’t have to be ready immediately.
‘I remember that when the Computer-Based Test first started as an approach of screening undergraduate students, people were concerned about students from rural areas and infrastructure. Today, everyone is used to it. What is important is to start from somewhere. I have a positive mental attitude that objectives will be met. Whatever can be conceived and believed can as well be achieved.’
Budget and infrastructure spending
The 2025 federal budget reflects a significant increase in funding for the education sector, with N3.52 trillion allocated-up from the previous year. Of this, N826.90 billion is earmarked for infrastructure, representing 23.5% of total sectoral spending, a slight rise from the 23% allocated to capital projects in 2024. This boost underscores the Tinubu administration’s commitment to improving learning environments by reconstructing dilapidated classrooms and building new schools nationwide.
Beyond physical infrastructure, the budget also supports university research and the creation of innovation hubs. While these initiatives mark progress, critics argue that overall education spending still falls short of the UNESCO-recommended benchmark and point to persistent challenges, including delayed implementation of some projects. Through the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), the government has approved major research grants over the past two years. In August 2025 alone, N4.2 billion was allocated for 158 university research projects. Additionally, 18 innovation and entrepreneurship hubs are being established across the six geopolitical zones. These hubs will feature facilities for technology, robotics, and design. Select institutions have received substantial funding, with some universities getting N1 billion each, while polytechnics and colleges of education were awarded N750 million each.
Despite these investments, the administration’s education agenda has faced criticism. Many educators argue that the increased budget remains insufficient to resolve deeply rooted systemic problems. Notably, severe teacher shortages and training gaps persist, particularly in basic education. Although some state governments have announced teacher recruitment drives, progress has been slow.Meanwhile, Nigeria continues to grapple with a staggering out-of-school population. Over 18.3 million children remain out of school, the highest number globally. This crisis, driven by poverty, insecurity, and poor infrastructure, presents a serious threat to national development and underscores the urgent need for more comprehensive and sustained reforms.
Stakeholders weigh in
The Northern Progressives Coalition hailed the Tinubu administration for initiating policies that have positively transformed the region’s education system, including 101 Almajiri centres. NPC’s Convener, Usman Abdullahi, described the administration as ‘the most dependable leadership’ in Nigeria’s 65-year post-independence history. Among other things, Abdullahi outlined sweeping education reforms as a major achievement of the current administration.
He said, ‘The National Student Loan Scheme, financing over 396,000 students, has seen Northern students account for 55 per cent of beneficiaries, receiving over N45 billion of the N77 billion disbursed by NELFUND. Education reforms have been a cornerstone, with over 120 learning centres established across Northern senatorial districts, equipped with solar power and safe water systems.
‘The partnership with the Universal Basic Education Commission has revitalised 101 Almajiri and Tsangaya education centres in states like Bauchi, Niger, Kaduna, and Kano.’
In an interview with The Nation, Congress of University Academics (CONUA) National President, Dr ‘Niyi Sunmonu, said at 65, Nigeria must recognise that education remains the bedrock of sustainable national development. He said to secure the future, three urgent priorities stand out.
‘First, sustainable funding of the education sector, from the foundational to the tertiary level, must be guaranteed. This requires not only increased government investment but also the exploration of credible alternative funding sources. Such funding must prioritise adequate remuneration of personnel. The current reality, where Nigerian university academics are among the lowest paid globally, is both shameful and dispiriting. It undermines morale, weakens research, and poses a grave risk to the nation’s development agenda.
‘Second, a national stakeholders’ convocation on university education is imperative. This forum should revisit critical questions: What kind of university system does Nigeria need? To what end should our education be directed? What should be the national research policy and its alignment with developmental priorities? Strengthening governance and policy direction in education will help reorient the sector toward national needs.
‘Third, Nigeria must embrace technology and innovation as catalysts for growth. Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT) and other emerging technologies should be strategically integrated into teaching, research, and national development frameworks. These tools hold immense potential to accelerate progress, boost competitiveness, and place Nigeria on a forward-looking trajectory.
‘At 65, education must move from rhetoric to structured action. A well-funded, well-governed, and technologically-driven education system is not optional; it is the indispensable foundation for Nigeria’s renewal and advancement,’ he asserted.
Also, the National President, National Association of Proprietors of Private Schools (NAPPS) Nigeria, Chief Yomi Otubela, lauded Nigeria’s educational trajectory in the last 65 years. He said from a handful of universities and colleges at independence, Nigeria today has hundreds of tertiary institutions, tens of thousands of primary and secondary schools, and millions of children enrolled across the federation.
‘There has also been gradual inclusion of vocational and technical education in curricula, alongside the recent introduction of trade subjects and a comprehensive review of the national curriculum to reflect the needs of a changing society.
‘Growing recognition of private schools as indispensable partners in national development has also helped to widen access, absorbing the demand government schools alone cannot meet.
‘On higher education, the Nigerian Education Loan Fund (NELFUND) is a welcome initiative.’
Despite the progress, Otubela noted that the challenges remain glaring.
‘For the future, we must place education at the heart of governance and national planning,’ he asserted.