Remembering the Asaba Massacre

On October 7, 1967, the streets of Asaba ran red with innocent blood. What began as a peaceful demonstration of loyalty to a unified Nigeria ended in one of the most brutal civilian massacres in the nation’s history. Over one thousand men and boys were systematically executed by advancing Nigerian federal troops in an atrocity that has remained largely unacknowledged for decades. This dark chapter in Nigeria’s civil war history demands not only remembrance but also official recognition and apology from the government.

The descent into such madness occurred when Federal troops entered Asaba around October 5, 1967, during the Nigerian Civil War. The town, located on the western bank of the Niger River, found itself in the path of advancing forces seeking to push troops of the secessionist Republic of Biafra back into Biafran territory. What was to follow was three days of terror that would forever scar the community and leave an indelible stain on Nigeria’s national conscience.

From the moment of their arrival, federal soldiers began ransacking houses and killing civilians indiscriminately, justifying their actions by claiming the victims were Biafran sympathizers. Reports indicate that several hundred innocent males were killed individually and in small groups at various locations throughout the town during these initial days of occupation. The violence was arbitrary, merciless, and seemingly without military purpose beyond instilling terror.

Desperate to end the bloodshed, Asaba’s traditional leaders made a fateful decision. They summoned the townspeople to assemble on the morning of October 7, hoping that a mass demonstration of loyalty to ‘One Nigeria’ would satisfy the federal troops and halt the killings. It was a gamble born of desperation, a plea for mercy robed in patriotic fervor.

Hundreds of men, women, and children responded to the call. They dressed in Asaba’s ceremonial akwa ocha- the pristine white attire symbolizing peace and purity-and paraded along the main street. They sang, they danced, they chanted ‘One Nigeria’ with voices raised in hope and supplication. It was a powerful display of unity, a community literally clothing itself in symbols of peace while proclaiming allegiance to the very nation whose soldiers were terrorizing them.

Hope was however to transform into horror at a junction along the parade route. Federal troops ordered the separation of men and teenage boys from women and young children. The males were gathered in an open square at Ogbe-Osowa village, confusion and fear mounting as machine guns were revealed and trained upon the assembled crowd. Then came the order-allegedly from a Second-in-Command Major Ibrahim Taiwo-that would echo through generations; there is also mention of Murtala Mohammed, then a Colonel, as the man who gave the order.

The machine guns delivered death with devastating finality to hundreds of unarmed men and boys, still dressed in their white ceremonial attire now stained crimson. Fathers and sons, brothers and uncles, neighbors and friends-all cut down in a hail of bullets. The air filled with screams, gunfire, and the acrid smell of cordite. By the time the shooting stopped, the square had become an abattoir, and the white garments of peace had become funeral shrouds.

Most of the killing ended by October 7,although another round of killings would occur again in 1968. The trauma was only beginning. Some families managed to retrieve the bodies of their loved ones, carrying them home for private burial. Most victims, however, were unceremoniously dumped into mass graves, denied even the dignity of proper funeral rites. Many extended families lost dozens of men and boys in a single day, leaving behind widows, orphans, and a community hollowed out by grief.

Federal troops occupied Asaba for many months following the massacre. During this period, much of the town was systematically destroyed. As was the practice by Federal troops during the war, women and girls were subjected to rape and sexual violence; some were forcibly ‘married’ to soldiers in arrangements that were little more than legalized captivity. Large numbers of citizens fled Asaba, many not returning until after the war ended in 1970. Those who remained lived under occupation, surrounded by the ghosts of the murdered and the ruins of their former lives.

The Asaba Massacre isn’t an isolated incident in Nigeria’s troubled history. The pogroms of July and September 1966, which targeted Igbo populations in northern Nigeria, preceded the massacre and helped precipitate the civil war itself. In more recent times, the killings in Odi in 1999 and Zaki Biam in 2001 demonstrated that the pattern of excessive military force against civilian populations continued long after the civil war ended. Each of these atrocities shares common features: disproportionate use of force, targeting of innocent civilians, and a disturbing lack of accountability for perpetrators.

This pattern reveals a systemic problem in Nigeria’s approach to internal conflict and military conduct. Without acknowledgment and accountability, these atrocities become normalized, establishing dangerous precedents that enable future violations. The silence surrounding events like the Asaba Massacre sends a chilling message: that civilian lives can be extinguished with impunity when the state deems it expedient.

It is long past time for the Nigerian government to formally apologize to the victims of the Asaba Massacre and their descendants. Such an apology would not erase the pain or resurrect the dead-nothing can accomplish that impossible feat. The women who were widowed that day will never again embrace their husbands. The children who watched their fathers fall will carry that trauma to their graves. The mass graves of Asaba bear witness to a wound that can never fully heal.

Yet a formal apology matters profoundly. It represents official acknowledgment of wrong, a rejection of the narratives that sought to justify the unjustifiable. It validates the suffering of survivors who have lived for decades with their pain dismissed or ignored. It places the massacre in the national historical record not as a footnote or military necessity, but as the atrocity it was.

Moreover, an apology could serve as a foundation for institutional reform. It should be accompanied by the establishment of robust legal frameworks and institutions designed to prevent such atrocities in the future. Any person-regardless of rank or position-who perpetrates similar actions against civilians must face severe legal consequences. The principle of ‘never again’ requires not just words but structural safeguards, clear rules of engagement that protect civilian populations, and enforcement mechanisms with teeth.

As the sun sets on the Niger River, casting long shadows across the town of Asaba, those shadows seem to whisper the names of the murdered-a litany of loss that echoes through the generations. The blood that soaked into the soil of Ogbe-Osowa square on that terrible October morning has long since dried, but the stain on Nigeria’s national conscience remains, indelible and accusing.

To move forward as a nation, Nigeria must first look back with unflinching honesty. It must speak the names of the dead, acknowledge the magnitude of the wrong, and pledge with absolute conviction that such horrors will never again be visited upon its citizens. In that acknowledgment lies not weakness but strength-the strength to confront uncomfortable truths, the courage to make amends, and the wisdom to learn from history’s darkest chapters.

Let their memory be a beacon calling Nigeria toward a future where lives are sacred, where accountability is assured, and where the machinery of state serves to protect rather than destroy. Only then can the souls of Asaba rest, and only then can Nigeria truly claim to have learned from the past and build a foundation worthy of the future its citizens deserve.

Tali Shani property dispute and its implications for Nigerian Law

In the complex world of international property transactions, where substantial assets change hands based on documentation and legal representations, a recent case involving a disputed London property has raised significant questions about due diligence, professional responsibility, and institutional safeguards in Nigeria’s legal system. The matter, which came before a UK property tribunal in September 2024, centers on a North London residence at 79 Randall Avenue originally purchased in 1993. The dispute involves Chief Mike Ozekhome, SAN, a prominent Nigerian legal practitioner known for his advocacy on issues of governance and human rights, and competing claims over ownership of the property valued in the millions of pounds. The tribunal’s findings, delivered by Judge Ewan Paton in Case No: REF/2023/0155, have sparked broader discussions about property law vulnerabilities and professional standards within Nigeria’s legal community.

The controversy began when Ozekhome sought to register a property transfer executed in his favor by someone identified as ‘Mr. Tali Shani’ in 2021. However, an objection was lodged by a party claiming to be ‘Ms. Tali Shani,’ who asserted she was the rightful registered proprietor. This competing claim triggered a tribunal investigation that would ultimately reveal a more complex situation than initially apparent. What followed was a legal drama that exposed layers of questionable documentation, conflicting testimonies, and allegations of identity fabrication that would eventually draw the attention of Nigerian federal authorities and anti-corruption agencies.

According to the tribunal’s findings, neither party could adequately prove their claimed ownership. Instead, the evidence pointed to the late General Jeremiah Useni as the actual owner of the property, which he had allegedly purchased in 1993 using the alias ‘Tali Shani.’ This revelation formed the foundation of the tribunal’s ultimate determination regarding the disputed ownership and raised uncomfortable questions about property acquisition during Nigeria’s military era. The use of aliases in high-value property transactions, particularly by public officials during periods of military rule, has long been a subject of concern for transparency advocates and anti-corruption campaigners in Nigeria.

The tribunal conducted an extensive examination of the evidence presented by both parties, with proceedings that stretched over multiple hearings and adjournments. Central to the case was the identity of ‘Ms Tali Shani’, who never showed up before the tribunal, despite multiple adjournments on her instance. Her lawyers, who had in 2024 told the tribunal that she was hospitalised, later produced documents claiming she had died in Nigeria. This shift in the narrative, from claims of hospitalization to assertions of death, raised immediate red flags for the tribunal and demonstrated the evolving nature of the claims being advanced. The failure of this supposedly central figure to ever appear before the tribunal, despite being the named applicant in the case, became one of several factors that undermined the credibility of the claims being made on her behalf.

The tribunal’s investigation revealed significant inconsistencies regarding the identity and existence of the person claimed to be ‘Ms. Tali Shani.’ According to reports of the proceedings, the tribunal found that documentation presented to support this individual’s existence could not be verified as authentic. An obituary notice was created for ‘Ms Tali Shani’ stating that she died on November 30, 2024, which was listed as a Sunday. However, November 30, 2024 was actually a Saturday, with the Sunday falling on December 1. This mismatch was one of the factors that led the tribunal to dismiss the obituary as a forgery. Such elementary errors in fabricated documents often serve as telltale signs of fraudulent schemes, and in this case, the tribunal seized upon these inconsistencies as evidence of a broader pattern of deception.

Beyond the flawed obituary, witnesses who testified on behalf of the ‘Ms. Tali Shani’ claim provided conflicting accounts that further eroded their credibility. The woman’s supposed son, Ayodele Damola, and cousin, Marcel Obasi, continued pressing the case even after her reported death, but their testimonies contained contradictions. Some witnesses stated that this individual had died in a hospital, while others claimed death had occurred in a road accident. The tribunal reportedly viewed these contradictions as indicative of significant credibility problems with the claim and evidence of witness coordination failures in what appeared to be a fabricated narrative. When witnesses cannot maintain consistency on basic facts surrounding the death of a purported family member, it naturally raises questions about whether that person ever existed in the manner claimed.

The tribunal also examined various documents submitted in support of the ‘Ms. Tali Shani’ claim, including identity documents that became the subject of intense scrutiny. The National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) confirmed that the NIN was fraudulently created remotely from Monaco under an ‘amputee exception,’ without biometric capture and using a non-compliant photograph. This finding was particularly damaging because it revealed that Nigerian government identification systems had been manipulated to create false documentation supporting the fraudulent claim. The amputee exception, designed as a humanitarian provision for individuals unable to provide complete biometric data due to physical disability, had apparently been exploited to circumvent normal verification procedures. The fact that this manipulation occurred remotely from Monaco, far from Nigeria’s borders, suggested a degree of sophistication in the fraudulent scheme and raised questions about the security of Nigeria’s national identification infrastructure.

Turning to Ozekhome’s position in this complex matter, his claim rested on his assertion that the property had been transferred to him as a gift from ‘Mr. Tali Shani’ in recognition of legal services he had provided over the years. According to his account, this transfer represented gratitude for extensive professional work he had performed on behalf of this client, a narrative that, if true, would represent an extraordinarily generous expression of appreciation. However, this explanation encountered significant skepticism from the tribunal, which found multiple aspects of the story unconvincing and inconsistent with the available evidence.

During proceedings, Ozekhome acknowledged that he had no direct knowledge of the original 1993 purchase of the property or its subsequent management over nearly three decades. He stated that his understanding of these matters came through his relationship with General Useni, essentially admitting that he lacked firsthand knowledge of the property’s history before the purported 2021 transfer to him. This admission was significant because it undermined his ability to vouch for the legitimacy of ‘Mr. Tali Shani’ as the property’s rightful owner who possessed authority to transfer it. Without knowledge of the original purchase or the property’s management history, Ozekhome was effectively asking the tribunal to accept his claim based primarily on his relationship with Useni and his assertion that ‘Mr. Shani’ felt deeply indebted to him for legal services rendered.

When asked to provide documentary evidence of the legal services he claimed to have rendered to ‘Mr. Tali Shani,’ which would have substantiated his narrative of a grateful client making a generous gift, Ozekhome declined, citing client confidentiality and legal professional privilege. While attorney-client privilege is a fundamental principle of legal practice designed to encourage candid communication between lawyers and their clients, the tribunal apparently found this explanation insufficient in the specific circumstances of this case. The invocation of privilege, particularly given the nature of the claims being made and the substantial value of the property at stake, raised questions about whether documentary evidence of such services actually existed or whether the privilege claim served as a convenient shield against having to produce evidence that might not support the narrative being advanced.

The tribunal’s verdict was decisive, with Judge Ewan Paton ruling on September 11 that the narrative advanced by Ozekhome, supported by his son Osilama Ozekhome, was a ‘contrived story’ invented to provide a plausible reason for the transfer. The involvement of Ozekhome’s son in the proceedings added another dimension to the case, as his testimony was apparently intended to corroborate his father’s account and lend additional credibility to the claims being made. However, the tribunal remained unconvinced by their combined testimony, ultimately finding that their accounts were fabricated rather than truthful. This finding represented a serious reputational blow to a Senior Advocate of Nigeria, a designation reserved for lawyers who have distinguished themselves through exceptional skill, integrity, and contributions to the legal profession.

Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the proceedings came when the tribunal heard directly from General Useni himself, who appeared to give evidence before his death. Before his death, Mr Useni appeared before the court through a video link in 2024. Contrary to Mr Ozekhome’s defence, Mr Useni told the court plainly: ‘I owned it. I bought the property. It is my property.’ He admitted registering the house in another person’s name but denied ever authorizing any transfer. This testimony was devastating to Ozekhome’s case because it directly contradicted the central premise of his claim that ‘Mr. Tali Shani’ was a real person who had legitimately owned the property and chosen to gift it to him. Useni’s frank admission that he had purchased the property but registered it under a different name confirmed the tribunal’s suspicions about the true ownership structure while simultaneously undermining any basis for Ozekhome’s claim to have received it as a gift from someone other than Useni himself.

The tribunal’s conclusion that Useni was the real owner who had used an alias for the original purchase raised important questions about the motivations and circumstances surrounding such arrangements. General Jeremiah Useni was a significant figure in Nigerian military and political circles during the 1990s, a period marked by military rule and significant concerns about corruption and asset concealment by public officials. He served as Minister of the Federal Capital Territory under General Sani Abacha’s military government from 1993 to 1998, precisely the period when this London property was purchased. Useni and Abacha had a close professional relationship spanning decades, with Useni serving as a trusted advisor during Abacha’s tenure as head of state. His influence extended to various aspects of governance, including politics, infrastructure development, and policy implementation, making him one of the most powerful figures in Nigeria during that era.

Useni’s relationship with Abacha was built over three decades, nurtured through professional and social interactions that long predated their time together in government. He was not only Abacha’s alter ego but also had his ear on crucial matters, making him a pivotal figure in Abacha’s regime. Useni’s proximity to Abacha earned him significant power and influence, allowing him to shape policy decisions and advise on key issues affecting the nation. This closeness to the center of power during a period now widely recognized as marked by massive corruption and asset looting inevitably raises questions about how public officials accumulated wealth during this time and why they might have chosen to conceal ownership of foreign properties through the use of aliases and nominees.

Following Abacha’s unexpected death in 1998, Useni revealed that he believed he should have succeeded Abacha as head of state based on military protocol and seniority, but was sidelined due to religious considerations. According to Useni’s account, some people opposed him because he was a Christian, and this led to General Abdulsalami Abubakar being appointed as the new head of state instead. Useni was reportedly the most senior military officer after Abacha’s death, but considerations beyond strict protocol seniority influenced the succession decision. Useni was present at Aso Rock on the day Abacha died and later recounted the events surrounding that day, claiming that he was not informed about Abacha’s death until about nine hours later because some people did not want him to know. He disputed claims that Abacha’s death was suspicious, attributing it to natural causes, though questions about the circumstances of Abacha’s death have persisted in Nigerian public discourse.

Useni’s legacy remains complex and contested, with varying assessments of his role and contributions. Some view him as a key figure in Abacha’s regime, which was marked by controversy, human rights abuses, and allegations of massive corruption that saw billions of dollars looted from Nigeria’s treasury. The Abacha years are widely remembered as a dark period in Nigerian history, characterized by political repression, the execution of environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others, and the systematic undermining of democratic institutions. However, others recognize contributions Useni made to Nigeria’s development, particularly in the Federal Capital Territory, where he oversaw significant infrastructure projects during his tenure as Minister that helped shape modern Abuja. This duality in Useni’s legacy makes the property dispute all the more significant, as it touches on questions about wealth accumulation by public officials during a deeply problematic period in Nigeria’s history.

The revelations from the tribunal have prompted action from multiple Nigerian institutions concerned about the integrity of the legal profession and the potential criminal implications of the findings. The Human and Environmental Development Agenda, commonly known as HEDA Resource Centre, a civil society organization focused on transparency and accountability in governance, has taken a leading role in calling for further investigation. HEDA has petitioned the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission, known as ICPC, one of Nigeria’s primary anti-corruption agencies, to investigate the matter thoroughly and determine whether criminal charges are warranted. The petition requests examination of whether fraud, document forgery, or other offenses occurred in connection with the property dispute and the creation of false identity documents.

The ICPC has reportedly launched a probe following HEDA’s petition. The investigation will likely examine not only the actions of the individuals directly involved in the property dispute but also the systems and processes that allowed fraudulent documentation to be created. In his petition, Olanrewaju Suraju, HEDA’s Chairman, urged the ICPC to prosecute Mr Ozekhome, his associates, and the unnamed Nigerian officials who allegedly facilitated the fake documents. This call for prosecution extends beyond the immediate parties to the dispute and seeks accountability from government officials who may have participated in or enabled the creation of fraudulent identity documents, recognizing that such schemes typically require inside assistance from individuals with access to government systems.

The apparent manipulation of Nigeria’s national identification system has emerged as a particularly troubling aspect of the case, raising broader concerns about the security and integrity of government databases. The revelation that a National Identification Number could be generated remotely from Monaco using an amputee exception, without proper biometric capture and using photographs that did not comply with established standards, suggests serious vulnerabilities in NIMC’s systems and procedures. These vulnerabilities have implications far beyond this single case, as they indicate that Nigeria’s identification infrastructure may be susceptible to manipulation by individuals seeking to create false identities for fraudulent purposes. The Nigerian police have also reportedly examined aspects of the case and found that addresses used in the fraudulent documentation scheme were fictitious or could not be verified, adding another layer to the catalog of falsified information deployed in support of the competing claims.

The case has drawn the attention of Nigeria’s Attorney-General of the Federation and Minister of Justice, Lateef Fagbemi, SAN, himself a Senior Advocate and therefore a peer of Ozekhome within Nigeria’s legal establishment. The Attorney-General announced that he has launched a probe into the messy property controversy, describing it as a matter that bears sadly on the integrity of the Nigerian legal profession. This statement carries particular weight coming from the nation’s chief law officer and reflects deep concern about the potential damage to the legal profession’s reputation when senior practitioners become embroiled in cases involving allegations of fraud and fabricated evidence. Fagbemi has called for cooperation from the Nigerian Bar Association and the Body of Senior Advocates of Nigeria in investigating the matter, recognizing that the legal profession itself has a stake in ensuring that its members maintain the highest standards of integrity and that those who fall short face appropriate consequences.

The NBA Anti-Corruption Committee has announced its readiness to cooperate fully with the Attorney-General’s investigation and has expressed support for the probe. The committee stated that the case raised several ‘improper critical issues that require investigations on the authenticity of the judgment that is widely in circulation.’ This response from the NBA’s specialized committee on corruption matters indicates that the organized bar recognizes the seriousness of the allegations and understands that the profession’s credibility depends on its willingness to police its own members and cooperate with investigations when serious questions arise. The committee’s reference to investigating the authenticity of the widely circulated judgment suggests some within the legal community initially hoped the tribunal’s decision might not be genuine, though subsequent confirmations have established that Judge Paton’s ruling is indeed authentic and accurately reflects the tribunal’s findings.

This case underscores the critical importance of diligence in property transactions, particularly when alias names or pseudonyms are involved, as such arrangements create inherent risks and complications that can persist for decades. As a Senior Advocate of Nigeria, Ozekhome’s entanglement in this controversy has generated significant discussion within legal circles, given his stature and experience in the profession. One would expect a legal practitioner of Ozekhome’s prominence to exercise extraordinary caution and scrutiny in property matters, particularly those involving substantial value and unclear ownership histories, rather than finding himself embroiled in a complex web of claims and counterclaims involving property whose origins are shrouded in mystery and allegedly rooted in arrangements made during Nigeria’s military era.

Beyond this controversy, it should be noted that Ozekhome has had a distinguished and often courageous career as a lawyer and human rights advocate. He has represented numerous individuals and causes, often taking on cases that others might have avoided due to political sensitivity or personal risk. In 2013, he experienced a traumatic ordeal when he was kidnapped and held captive for approximately three weeks before his release, which reportedly occurred following payment of a twenty-eight million naira ransom. Two men, Kelvin Ezeigbe and Frank Azuekor, were later sentenced to twenty years imprisonment each for their roles in the kidnapping, bringing some measure of justice for the crime committed against him. This incident highlighted the personal dangers that Nigerian lawyers, particularly those involved in high-profile or politically sensitive cases, sometimes face in the course of their work.

Ozekhome has also been notably vocal on various national issues affecting governance and federalism in Nigeria. He has criticized what he views as federal government overreach in matters affecting state and local governments, including speaking out against the withholding of local government funds in Osun State and other jurisdictions. He described such moves as highly political and violations of constitutional provisions and Supreme Court rulings that guarantee fiscal federalism and the financial autonomy of different tiers of government. As a Senior Advocate, Ozekhome has been a prominent figure in Nigeria’s legal landscape for many years, known for his advocacy on issues including good governance, democracy, and the rule of law, frequently appearing in high-profile constitutional and political cases. This background makes his involvement in the current controversy all the more striking and consequential for discussions about professional standards and accountability within the legal profession.

The tribunal’s verdict, which characterized Ozekhome’s narrative as contrived and invented to provide a plausible reason for the property transfer, highlights the fundamental need for transparency and thorough verification in property dealings, regardless of the stature or reputation of the individuals involved. The case serves as a stark reminder that even seasoned legal practitioners, like the rest of humanity, can find themselves entangled in questionable transactions, whether through poor judgment, inadequate due diligence, or more troubling motivations. This reality emphasizes the paramount importance of meticulous verification of facts and ownership claims before proceeding with high-value property transactions, as the consequences of failures in this regard can be severe both legally and reputationally.

The implications of this judgment extend well beyond Ozekhome’s individual case and raise fundamental questions about property ownership and transfer practices in Nigeria, particularly involving assets held abroad by Nigerian citizens. The case has exposed significant vulnerabilities in systems designed to prevent fraudulent transactions and ensure legitimate transfers of property. It has revealed that Nigeria’s national identification system can apparently be manipulated to create false identities, that death certificates and other vital documents can be forged with relative ease, and that even lawyers holding the prestigious rank of Senior Advocate can become involved in disputes where tribunals find their accounts lacking in credibility. These revelations point to the urgent need for robust mechanisms to verify property ownership and prevent fraudulent transactions, involving not just better legal frameworks but also strengthened institutional capacity and integrity within government agencies responsible for maintaining vital records and identification systems.

For property owners, legal practitioners, and policymakers, the Tali Shani saga offers valuable and sobering lessons that merit careful consideration. Perhaps the most fundamental lesson is the critical importance of verifying property ownership through rigorous due diligence to prevent fraudulent transactions and ensure that transfers are legitimate and properly authorized. This verification process must go beyond simply accepting documents at face value and should involve thorough investigation of a property’s history, chain of ownership, and any outstanding liabilities or disputes that might affect title. When dealing with properties that have complex ownership structures, involve aliases or nominees, or have unclear histories, the level of scrutiny must be proportionally increased to account for the elevated risks such situations present.

Transparency emerges as another crucial element in preventing disputes of this nature. By ensuring that all parties involved in a transaction have access to accurate information about a property’s history and ownership, and by maintaining clear documentation of all transfers and the consideration provided, transparency can help prevent the kind of complex disputes and lengthy litigation that this case has produced. When ownership structures are deliberately opaque, when aliases are used without clear documentation of the reasons and the true beneficial ownership, and when transfers occur without adequate documentation of the basis for the transaction, the stage is set for future disputes that can tie up properties in litigation for years and damage the reputations of everyone involved.

Meticulous due diligence is absolutely essential for legal practitioners, particularly those at the senior levels of the profession who handle high-value transactions and upon whom clients and the public depend to maintain the highest professional standards. This due diligence must involve carefully examining all documents for authenticity and consistency, verifying the identity of all parties involved in a transaction through multiple independent sources, assessing potential risks including the possibility that claims may not be what they initially appear, and being willing to decline representation or walk away from transactions when red flags emerge that cannot be satisfactorily resolved. The temptation to proceed with a lucrative transaction despite warning signs must be resisted, as the long-term consequences of involvement in a fraudulent or questionable transaction invariably outweigh any short-term benefits.

The judgment in the Tali Shani case raises important questions about the adequacy of Nigeria’s legal and institutional frameworks for property ownership and transfer, both domestically and for properties held abroad by Nigerian citizens. It highlights the pressing need for robust mechanisms to prevent fraudulent transactions and ensure that property rights are protected and that legitimate ownership can be clearly established and defended. These mechanisms must include not only stronger legal frameworks and clearer procedures but also enhanced transparency in property dealings, better training for officials responsible for maintaining property and identity records, more secure systems that cannot be easily manipulated to create false documentation, and more effective enforcement against those who engage in fraudulent activities or facilitate such conduct through their official positions.

Policy reforms may be necessary to address the systemic vulnerabilities that this case has exposed, including reforms to strengthen Nigeria’s national identification system against manipulation, establish clearer requirements for documentation when property is held in names other than the beneficial owner, create more robust verification procedures for vital documents such as death certificates that can affect property claims, and enhance the capacity of regulatory bodies to investigate and sanction misconduct by legal practitioners. The Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee, which has the authority to investigate allegations of professional misconduct and impose sanctions including suspension or disbarment, may need additional resources and stronger procedures to handle cases involving senior practitioners where significant pressure and influence might be brought to bear to protect reputations and avoid consequences.

Ultimately, the Tali Shani saga serves as a powerful reminder of the critical importance of diligence, transparency, and unwavering integrity in all property transactions, but particularly those involving substantial value, complex ownership structures, or international dimensions. By prioritizing these fundamental values, individuals and organizations can better protect their interests, prevent disputes that can drag on for years consuming resources and damaging reputations, and contribute to building a more efficient, reliable, and trustworthy property market in Nigeria. The case demonstrates that shortcuts in due diligence, acceptance of implausible stories without adequate verification, and involvement in transactions with unclear or questionable origins inevitably carry enormous risks that can destroy reputations built over decades and expose individuals to criminal liability.

For Nigeria’s legal profession specifically, the matter represents a moment of reckoning that demands serious reflection on professional standards, ethics, and accountability. The principle enshrined in equity that ‘he who comes to equity must come with clean hands’ is particularly resonant in this case, where questions about credibility and transparency have been central to the tribunal’s ultimate rejection of the claims advanced. This ancient legal maxim holds that those seeking the assistance of courts sitting in equity must approach with honesty and integrity, having acted fairly and without fraud or deception. When legal practitioners themselves become subject to findings that their accounts are contrived and invented rather than truthful, it strikes at the very heart of the profession’s role as officers of the court and guardians of the legal system’s integrity.

The coming months will likely see further developments as investigations by the ICPC, the Attorney-General’s office, and potentially the Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee proceed. The outcomes of these investigations will be closely watched by the legal community, civil society organizations concerned with transparency and anti-corruption, and the broader public. Whether criminal charges are ultimately filed, whether professional sanctions are imposed, and whether systemic reforms are implemented to address the vulnerabilities this case has exposed will all have significant implications for Nigeria’s legal system, the property market, and public confidence in institutions responsible for maintaining order and integrity in these spheres.

What remains undeniable is that the Tali Shani property dispute has laid bare serious problems that require urgent attention and meaningful responses from all stakeholders. From the apparent ease with which national identification documents can be fraudulently created to the involvement of senior legal practitioners in transactions where their accounts are found to lack credibility, from the use of aliases by public officials to conceal property ownership to the challenges of establishing clear title when such arrangements unravel after the original owner’s death, this case touches on multiple points of institutional weakness and vulnerability to fraud and manipulation. Addressing these problems will require sustained commitment, political will, adequate resources, and most fundamentally, a shared determination that Nigeria’s legal system, property market, and professional communities must operate according to the highest standards of integrity and transparency.

The legacy of the Tali Shani saga will ultimately depend on whether it serves as a catalyst for meaningful reform and heightened vigilance or becomes merely another example of problems identified but not addressed, lessons acknowledged but not learned, and vulnerabilities exposed but left unrepaired. The trajectory Nigeria chooses will say much about the nation’s commitment to the rule of law, institutional integrity, and the accountability of elites including senior legal practitioners who occupy positions of trust and influence. The case stands as both a warning about the consequences of cutting corners and tolerating questionable practices, and an opportunity to strengthen systems and standards in ways that will benefit Nigeria’s legal system and society for years to come.

Note: This article is based on the September 11, 2024 judgment by Judge Ewan Paton in the First-Tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) Case No: REF/2023/0155, subsequent public statements by Nigerian officials, and reporting by Nigerian media outlets. The matters discussed remain subject to ongoing investigations by Nigerian authorities. All parties referenced are entitled to due process, and no final determination of professional misconduct or criminal liability has been concluded at the time of writing. Readers seeking additional information should consult the official tribunal judgment and statements from relevant Nigerian government agencies.

Nigerian officials warn Chelle over Osimhen

SCORENigeria can exclusively report that top officials have been left hot and furious with Super Eagles coach Eric for substituting striker Victor Osimhen in Friday’s crucial 2026 World Cup clash against Lesotho.

Osimhen was replaced in the 89th minute by defender Semi Ajayi as Eric Chelle tried to lock out Lesotho from drawing level with the game precariously hanging at 2-1 in favour of Nigeria.

They have therefore warned the coach that as long as the Galatasaray star striker is not injured, he should not be substituted because his removal literally dropped the energy level of the team

‘The top shots did not take kindly to Victor (Osimhen) being replaced in the match (vs Lesotho) and they even confronted the coach on this,’ a source, who was present at the game in Polokwane informed only SCORENigeria

‘They have since ordered that as long as he is fit, he should be kept on the pitch because his mere presence not only scares opponents but galvanises his fellow teammates.’

The source added: ‘You could see how he was pushing the team from the bench when he was changed and even after the match you could see how he was addressing the squad in the huddle on the pitch with so much passion.’

Interestingly, it was the same top officials who had begged the then injured Osimhen to fly out with rest of the Eagles for last month’s crunch clash against South Africa in Bloemfontein.

African Stars Light Up Tunis for 2025 ITTF-Africa Championships

From October 12 to 19, the city of Tunis, Tunisia, will reverberate with the energy and talent of Africa’s finest table tennis players as the 2025 ITTF-Africa Championships get underway. Athletes from across the continent-East, West, North, Central, and South-have converged on the Tunisian capital, all vying for glory and coveted qualification spots for the 2026 ITTF World Team Championships in London, United Kingdom.

While Nigeria’s top-ranked Quadri Aruna is notably absent, the tournament still boasts a star-studded lineup including Egypt’s Omar Assar, Algeria’s Mehdi Bouloussa, Tunisia’s Wassim Essid, Egypt’s Hana Goda, Nigeria’s Olajide Omotayo, and France-based Abdel-Kader Salifou.

From the leadership of the Tunisia Table Tennis Federation (TTTF) to the African Table Tennis Federation (ITTF Africa), the spirit of the event is one of celebration and unity.

TTTF President Samir Khelif expressed pride in hosting the prestigious event: ‘We’re honoured to be chosen once again to host this championship and deeply appreciate the trust of ITTF Africa. As always, we aim to provide warm hospitality and a vibrant atmosphere for all our guests.’

ITTF Africa President Wahid Oshodi also praised Tunisia’s swift response in stepping up after Rwanda’s withdrawal: ‘We’re immensely grateful to the people of Tunisia for their unwavering support. Their readiness to host on short notice speaks volumes about their commitment to the sport. This championship is all about the players, and Tunisia has created the perfect environment for them to shine.’

With youthful energy and national pride fueling their ambitions, Tunisia’s rising stars are ready to take on Africa’s best and prove they belong on the big stage.

Leading the charge are 14-year-old Ela Saidi and 17-year-old Wassim Essid, key members of the Tunisian team competing at the eight-day tournament taking place at the Rades Multi-Purpose Hall in Tunis from October 12 to 19.

Making her debut at the prestigious event, Saidi described the opportunity to play alongside her idols as a dream come true. ‘I’m so happy to be competing in my first African Championships, especially sharing the stage with stars like Hana Goda and Omar Assar,’ she said.

‘It’s a huge honour, and I’ll give my best and perform to the highest level I can. Most importantly, I want to use this experience to grow as a player – facing top opponents will help me improve.’

Essid, fresh off his victory in the boys’ U-17 singles at the WTT Youth Contender Tunis, sees the tournament as another chance to challenge the continent’s elite.

‘I’m not going to relax – playing at home means I’ll have the support of the crowd, and I’ll give my best as always,’ he said.

Church installs new district chairman

The Cherubim and Seraphim Movement Church, Ewutuntun District, has officially installed Special Apostle Prophet Gabriel Aiyenugba as its new District Chairman, following the demise of the former leader.

Speaking at the installation ceremony, the new chairman described the role as both an honor and a great responsibility.

‘I feel challenged because this is not just a position, it is a kingdom burden. My vision is to strengthen unity, deepen our identity as a church, and move the C and S forward in holiness, prayer, and evangelism,’ he said.

He emphasized the need to overcome divisions within the church and called on members, especially the youth, to embrace their identity with pride.

‘C and S has a great heritage, and we must unite to show the world that we are a strong Christian family. If we stand together, no other church can match our strength,’ he added.

Senior District Secretary, Barista Olabode Akinsanya, noted that the installation signified continuity and divine order.

‘This is not just ceremonial but a reaffirmation of God’s grace in raising leaders for His work.

Prophet Aiyenugba’s humility, dedication, and years of service make him the right vessel for this assignment,’ he said.

Chairman of the Installation Committee, Special Apostle Pastor, Micheal Obamo, described the installation as both a ‘sacred continuity and a prophetic renewal.’

Crude oil production shrinks in September

After rallying to steady production increase, one that bolstered the country’s hope of improved revenue from sales of the commodity, crude oil and condensates production for the month of September 2025 fell to an average of 1.581 million barrels per day, according to official statistics released by the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) yesterday.

The 1.581 million barrels per day average production in September comprises 1.39 million bopd of crude oil and 191,373 bopd of condensate.

The NUPRC, in a statement by its Head of Media and Strategic Communication, Eniola Akinkuotu, blamed the fall on the three-day industrial action by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Senior Staff Association of Nigeria (PENGASSAN), which resulted in the shutdown of some production and export facilities.

Besides, the NUPRC also noted that two strategic facilities had a scheduled turnaround maintenance which led to a reduction in overall production.

Recall that PENGASSAN had called out its members on an industrial action over the sack of 800 workers by the management of the Dangote Petroleum Refinery and Petrochemicals who had joined its association.

According to its official statistics, in September, the industry recorded total crude oil and condensate production of 47.43 million barrels, reflecting a modest 1.61 per cent year-on-year increase in average daily crude oil and condensate production year on year. This represented a slight improvement over the 1.55 million bopd recorded in the same month of 2024, an uptick that suggests incremental progress.

However, when measured on a month-on-month basis, crude oil and condensate production slightly dropped by 3.09 per cent in September 2025, compared to the 1.63 million bopd recorded in August 2025. But despite the glitches experienced during the period, average crude oil production in September stood at 93 per cent of the country’s Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) quota of 1.5 million bopd.

During the review month, peak combined crude oil and condensate production hit 1.81 million bopd, while the lowest was 1.35 million bopd.

An analysis of production output by the country’s top eight streams shows that Forcados Blend accounted for 15.86 per cent of total production, while Bonny Light accounted for 13.31 per cent of September production. Qua Iboe was third accounting for 9.88 per cent; Escravos Light contributed 8.96 per cent, while Bonga Crude delivered 6.83 per cent of production in the review month.

Others were Agbami condensate which accounted for 4.94 per cent; Erha crude, which accounted for 4.55 per cent, while Amenam Blend accounted for 4.2 per cent to wrap up the production for the month in review.

Mental health: Group, UBTH seek support for patients

Chief Medical Director of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Prof. Idia Ize-Iyamu, has called for the integration of mental health care into services offered at Primary Health Centres across Edo State.

Also, founder of Starburg Empowerment Foundation, Gloria Bakare, said it was time to remind the world that mental health care remained a universal human right.

Prof. Ize-Iyamu and Bakare spoke separately on the occasion to mark the World Mental Health Day.

Bakare called on Nigerians to be their brother’s keeper so that depression or suicidal thoughts could be erased from the community.

Prof. Ize-Iyamu said she would continue her advocacy for quality mental health care.

According to her, ‘Even in times of crisis, disaster or pain, every mind deserves care, love and support.

‘Many people out there are suffering. Many people out there don’t know who to talk to. Some are depressed. Some are traumatised. Some, they are feeling anxiety. That is why with Starburg, we are taking it upon ourselves to make sure we reach out to those people so that drug coping will cease from society.

How Fan Trust Works and Why Celebrities Keep Running Out of It

In entertainment, trust is a ticking clock. The countdown begins the moment fans discover you. Every tweet, every film role, every track drop either resets that timer or speeds it up. Fame may open the door, but consistency keeps the lights on.

From Lagos to London, Sydney to Los Angeles, audiences today want connection, speed, and something real. This article looks at how that demand shapes the timeline of fan trust, and what the entertainment industry can learn from it.

Speed Makes Belief Look Easy

People stream on demand, skip intros, and swipe through life. The pause button doesn’t get much use anymore. Even a short delay can turn people off. Audiences expect creators and platforms to keep up with them.

When Beyoncé drops an album at midnight, it lands exactly when fans are ready to listen. When Netflix releases a whole season at once, it fits how people actually watch. Every major platform has learned the same lesson: if things take too long, people simply move on.

Across industries, speed has become a language of credibility. The same pattern spills into other corners of entertainment, from concert ticketing to gaming payouts. When concert tickets vanish in seconds on Ticketmaster, fans no longer see it as proof of how fast systems can break under demand. In gaming, a platform that pays out winnings instantly earns trust faster than one that hides behind vague ‘processing’ times. The same rule runs through streaming, retail drops, and even social media responses. The clock is now part of the user experience.

Australia, in particular, has become a benchmark for payout speed. This is thanks to its real-time banking network, PayID, and the New Payments Platform (NPP). Reviews of the best online casino Australia fast payouts emphasize how users reward platforms that deliver on speed. Specifically, how well they handle verification, withdrawal limits, and payment rails. The report breaks down payout speeds across payment types, proving how the quickest platforms win loyalty not through luck, but reliability.

Community Is the New PR Team

Gone are the days when stardom was a one-way broadcast. Now, every fan is also a broadcaster, a critic, a meme-maker, and a volunteer in the marketing department. Trust doesn’t flow from stage to audience anymore. It loops. The artist who replies to comments, the actor who shares behind-the-scenes stories, the streamer who shouts out their followers – they all feed the loop.

Look at K-pop fandoms. A single hashtag, and you’ve got millions mobilizing to trend an anniversary, defend a member, or raise money for charity. All this is multiplied by community-driven branding. Even down in Australia, local music scenes thrive on that same ecosystem. Fans who buy tickets for one indie gig are the same ones running Instagram fan pages, designing posters, and spreading word-of-mouth. The relationship is alive, not automated.

Transparency Is the Mid-Career Test

Every entertainer hits that middle stage where charisma alone can’t carry the weight anymore. That’s when fans stop buying the fantasy and start judging the character. The audience now has receipts (literal screenshots) and the memory of an elephant. When a public figure admits mistakes early, fans forgive. When they hide, the internet hunts.

Think of all the careers reborn through vulnerability. Lewis Capaldi openly talking about mental health, or Jacksepticeye pausing sponsorships to talk about burnout. To quote Capaldi, ‘Therapy has been such a massive part of my last two years . I feel like if I can be a part of sharing that with other people, why not?’ Put simply, fans never expect perfection. They crave sincerity.

Reinvention Is the Only Contract

Even the most adored acts have expiration dates unless they evolve. The real magic lies in reinvention without betrayal. Think Miley Cyrus going from wrecking balls to soulful rock. Or Troye Sivan shifting from YouTube sweetheart to confident pop icon. Madonna said it best: ‘I am not reinventing myself. I am going through the layers and revealing myself.’

The entertainment world runs on a loop of excitement, disillusionment, and rediscovery. The ones that survive the years plan for it. They give fans new reasons to care just before the timeline runs out. The music changes, the content shifts, the trust resets.

IKE IBEABUCHI : I was highly respected in prison

Ike Ibeabuchi answers FaceTime with his nose pressed up against the phone screen. His trademark mustache nestles on his top lip and a questionable internet connection buffers his responses. He sits on a bed, in Abuja, Nigeria, with his energetic niece punching and biting him, playfully, as he speaks.

‘Which fight?’ he begins, in response to the agreed purpose of the call. I reiterate that he is due to fight British veteran Danny Williams on Aug. 23, but he’s quick to rebuff this and offers up an attempted clarification.

‘[Danny] Williams had to pull out,’ he continues. ‘But we have already got a new opponent: Idris Afinni. He is a big puncher, he’s won his last few fights by knockout.’

‘I ran 10 miles this morning. If I can do this, then I can box,’ he interjects, almost telegraphing my next question surrounding the legitimacy of this return. ‘I have never been this energetic in my life. I train twice a day and it’s not a problem at all. I still believe I am at the very top – nobody ever took me off the top.’

It’s there the penny drops. Ibeabuchi speaks like an active fighter. He’s well and truly under the spell of the fight game and considers himself still in the heavyweight mix, rather than a disgraced veteran who hasn’t seen the inside of a professional ring since the release of Sony’s Playstation 2 around the turn of the century. Instead of a legacy character to unlock, the Nigerian considers himself on the front cover; the reason you would purchase a boxing game. But we know too well that in reality, you don’t play boxing.

‘I want a title shot,’ he continues. ‘I look at the heavyweight picture like this: Myself, [Oleksandr] Usyk and [Moses] Itauma,’ he says. ‘But nobody wants to fight me.

‘I have called out [Tyson] Fury multiple times, but he has always said that I need to have a comeback fight first and get a ranking, and then these big fights can happen. So that’s exactly what I am doing.’

‘I have been sparring,’ he continues. He sends over a video of him working on the heavy bag with some loaded left hooks, and points me to the direction of a sparring session with 31-year-old current Nigerian heavyweight Efe Ajagba (20-1-1, 14 KOs). ‘Sparring is sparring,’ he says, still parroting the phrases of an active fighter. ‘I was on top for most of it,’ he claims, ‘but we were only able to complete four rounds. I wasn’t allowed to go any further.’

That leads to the question of why, and who was looking out for the safety of Ibeabuchi. But delving into the inner workings of his return are met with hostility. ‘I don’t want to disclose that information,’ he says in response to a question regarding his trainer for the fight. It is an ‘internal matter’ that isn’t privy to journalists’ questions. Has he been tested and cleared to fight by a governing body? ‘That is not a question for a journalist to be asking,’ he replies. ‘It is invasive coming from you.’

From Glory to Gory

In 1997, Ibeabuchi beat the previously unbeaten David Tua for the WBC International title in a fight that launched him into the spotlight of boxing’s heavyweight division. Shortly after this 17th win of his professional career, the problems outside the ring started.

Ibeabuchi was involved in a disturbing incident where he abducted the 15-year-old son of a former girlfriend and intentionally crashed his car into a concrete pillar on a Texas highway. The boy sustained serious injuries and was left permanently impaired. Ibeabuchi pleaded guilty to false imprisonment and was sentenced to 120 days in jail, also paying a $500,000 civil settlement. Authorities determined the crash was a suicide attempt.

During this time, Ibeabuchi began adopting the persona of ‘The President,’ insisting those around him refer to him by the title. According to former HBO Sports executive Lou DiBella, Ibeabuchi would retreat into this alter ego, often behaving erratically and unpredictably. Promoter Cedric Kushner recounted a dinner meeting where Ibeabuchi drove a carving knife into the table, shouting, ‘They knew it! The belts belong to me! Why don’t they just give them back?’

In July 1999, three months after his last fight – a fifth-round TKO of Chris Byrd – Ibeabuchi was arrested in Las Vegas after an alleged sexual assault at The Mirage. A 21-year-old escort claimed that Ibeabuchi attacked her after refusing to pay up front. He barricaded himself in a bathroom, and police used pepper spray under the door to extract him.

The incident led prosecutors to reopen a prior sexual assault case against Ibeabuchi from eight months earlier. While under house arrest, two more similar accusations surfaced, this time from Arizona. Ibeabuchi was deemed mentally unfit to stand trial and was committed to a psychiatric facility, where doctors diagnosed him with bipolar disorder. A judge ordered him to be medicated.

After two and a half years, he was found competent and entered an Alford plea – maintaining innocence while acknowledging sufficient evidence to convict. Ibeabuchi received a sentence of two to 10 years for battery with intent, and three to 20 years for attempted sexual assault, served consecutively.

From Ring To Cage

‘A lot of people respected me in prison,’ Ibeabuchi claims.

‘I was never threatened or anything, and didn’t get into any fights. I wasn’t allowed to. I guess what I learned was that I was a tougher person than I thought and that I can make it in my own way – but above all, I don’t have to solicit prostitution in my life ever again.’

Asked if he regrets his actions. He replies that ‘soliciting prostitution was legal in parts of Nevada, but not in Las Vegas or Clark County,’ and that he ‘regretted negligence of the situation but not the morality.’

Further attempts at clarifying some of the finer details of Saturday’s fight date are met by Ibeabuchi ceasing contact and blocking my number.

Fight week in Lagos, Nigeria. Ibeabuchi said: ‘I’m glad to be back,’ he tells the camera. ‘To show my home country what I have become despite the absence. I’m so grateful that I can come back to Nigeria and I am thankful for the Nigerian Boxing Board of Control for giving me this opportunity.’

Ibeabuchi is seen posing with fans outside of Lagos airport. He raises his fist, obliging to one of the sport’s unwritten rituals.

Wilson Aboyehimoe and Tobe Agbakoba, Ibeabuchi’s boxing coach and fitness coach, respectively, are then given short segments to promote their charge. Both Aboyehimoe and Agbakoba sing the praises of Ibeabuchi and are unequivocal in their belief that he returns with a win.

The fight has come and gone and the bottom-line is that Ibeabuchi is back in the boxing ring after 26 years with a third-round technical knockout victory over Idris Afinni in Lagos on Saturday, August 23, 2025.

The undefeated former heavyweight contender, now 52, is looking to fight Oleksandr Usyk, the undisputed heavyweight champion.

Tinubu Media Force commends FCCPC boss Bello for advancing Renewed Hope agenda

The Tinubu Media Force (TMF), Nigeria’s largest progressive grassroots media network, has commended Tunji Bello, Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC), for his outstanding leadership and alignment with President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s Renewed Hope Agenda.

During a courtesy visit to the FCCPC headquarters in Abuja, Gbenga Abiola, national coordinator of the group, praised Bello for his commitment to fairness, transparency, and consumer protection across Nigeria’s business landscape.

He described Bello’s leadership as a reflection of President Tinubu’s vision for a just and inclusive economy that prioritizes the welfare of citizens.

Under Bello’s leadership, the FCCPC has strengthened regulatory oversight, promoted accountability, and ensured fair competition in the marketplace.

The Commission was named government agency of the year 2023 after generating ?56 billion in Internally Generated Revenue, with ?22.4 billion remitted to the federal government from enforcement penalties and compliance actions.

The FCCPC has also implemented several consumer-focused initiatives, including the Patient Bill of Rights, clampdowns on illegal digital money lenders, and interventions in the power sector to safeguard consumers.

The Commission continues to collaborate with agencies such as the NCC, NERC, NAFDAC, SON, and EFCC to promote fairness and consumer welfare nationwide.

A key issue discussed during the visit was the FCCPC’s ongoing engagement with MultiChoice Nigeria over its March 2025 subscription price hike.

Bello reaffirmed that such actions must comply with fairness and transparency laws.

Abiola commended his courage in defending consumer rights, describing it as a true expression of the Renewed Hope spirit.

He assured Bello of the Tinubu Media Force’s continued collaboration in public enlightenment and grassroots communication on the Renewed Hope Agenda.

He emphasised that the group remains committed to projecting the achievements of the Tinubu administration and promoting transparency across all sectors.

He encouraged Mr. Bello and his team to sustain their efforts in protecting consumers, adding that through the FCCPC’s work, Nigerians can see the values of Renewed Hope, fairness, accountability, and citizen empowerment being translated into meaningful action.