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The total number of reported deaths due to the strong Cebu earthquake increased to 72 on the second day of the temblor’s aftermath. The second day also saw the termination of search and rescue (SAR) operations, prompting authorities to shift its focus to relief and rehabilitation as residents complain of food and water shortage.

All of the fatalities as well as the 294 reported injuries are recorded in the Central Visayas region, while no missing have been recorded, according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.

Due to the absence of reported missing individuals from local government units (LGUs), OCD spokesperson Junie Castillo said they are presumed as ‘accounted for.’

Search teams demobilized

Some private rescue teams are even informed of possible demobilization ‘unless they want to continue helping with relief or debris clearing’ due to lack of reported missing individuals, Castillo said.

OCD deputy administration Rafael Alejandro IV said authorities were scrambling to conduct its search and rescue within the first 24 hours after the earthquake, which occurred at 9:59 p.m on Tuesday.

Bogo City, the epicenter of the earthquake, bore the brunt of the temblor, with almost half of the total number fatalities-or around 30-being recorded from the area.

President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. went to this quake-stricken city to hold a situational briefing for the earthquake which damaged several heritage churches, billions worth of roads and bridges, hundreds of residential houses and hundreds of classrooms, while causing widespread power outages in the province.

During the briefing, an OCD official reported to Marcos that 597 damaged houses were damaged, with 501 tagged as ‘partially damaged’ and 96 deemed as ‘totally damaged.’

There are still nine impassable roads, five affected bridges, with 10 LGUs experiencing power interruptions, including three LGUs still experiencing telecommunication interruptions, according to the same OCD official.

The same OCD official also told Marcos that the SAR operations have already been terminated.

‘We need food’, ‘We need water’

Nevertheless, aftershocks still remain, which state seismologists said reached a total of 3,081 as of 5:00 p.m., compelling residents to sleep outside.

In Medellin town in northern Cebu, the lack of camping tents, and proper evacuation area left residents still apprehensive of aftershocks to sleep inside plastic bags to protect them from the rain.

Children carrying cardboards begging for food and drinking water were also spotted along the highway in Medellin town.

Residents in Tabuelan town were also reporting lack of food and drinking water, with some children carrying signs saying ‘WE NEED FOOD’ and ‘WE NEED WATER,’ as reported by Cebu Daily News.

Marcos said the government will provide tents with stations for relief goods, waters, and generator sets to 65,000 displaced families in the entire Cebu province.

Marcos seeks emergency funds

During the same briefing, the president also announced over P200 million aid package ‘donation’ for areas affected by the deadly Cebu province earthquake.

Marcos said P50 million will be for the Cebu provincial government, P20 million each for local government unit of Bogo City and towns of San Remigio and Sogod; P10 million each for municipalities of Medellin, Bantayan, Daanbantayan, Madridejos, Santa Fe, Tabogon, and Tabuelan.

Meanwhile, Marcos also said Department of Health-owned hospitals will receive P20 million and P5 million each for LGU-run hospitals affected by the earthquake.

The President also ordered the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to release a government support fund worth P150 million for Cebu and P75 million for San Remigio, Bogo, and Medellin.

‘This is only an initial release; we are contemplating further releases that will be in the pipeline,’ he said of the fund from the DBM.

Marcos also said he will be going to the House and the Senate to ask for allocation of emergency funds to replenish the government’s Quick Response Fund (QRF).

‘We will have it released as quickly as possible,’ Marcos said.

The QRF is a built-in standby fund for agencies that, once depleted, receives replenishment through the approval of the President or the DBM.

The Manila Police District (MPD) reported on Wednesday evening that no explosives were found in the vicinity of De La Salle University (DLSU) – Manila, after a security threat was sent to a student from an unknown source.

‘DECU-MPD (District Explosive and Canine Unit-MPD) conducted threat assessment and paneling operation within the school vicinity, including parked vehicles, comfort rooms, building corridors, and trash bins. No explosive or hazardous materials found during paneling,’ the MPD’s report read.

Despite this, the Malate Police Station will still conduct follow-up inspections on Thursday.

According to DLSU Taft Security Area Supervisor Melchor Sagun, an email in the Cebuano dialect containing a bomb threat was sent to a member of the student government, and was circulating among members of the student body.

‘Warning adunay bomba nga gitanom sa De La Salle University Manila nga makaguba ugma sa buntag, OKTUBRE 2, 2025,’ the email read.

(Warning: there is a bomb planted at De La Salle University Manila that will destroy it on the morning of October 2, 2025.)

In response to the supposed threat, the DLSU Office of the Provost announced on Wednesday evening that it tightened security measures, and shortly after announced that all classes on Thursday would shift to online.

‘Manila Campus shall be closed. To ensure the safety of the students and the whole academic community, DLSU shall continue to implement security measures accordingly,’ the Provost said.

On Thursday, the Provost announced that while the school has been cleared of the threat, it is ‘coordinating with the NBI (National Bureau of Investigation) Cybercrime Division for the filing of a case against the perpetrator.)

Onsite work and classes in the university are set to resume on Friday, the Provost added.

It is worth noting that the DLSU University Student Government and the Lasallians Against Corruption have scheduled a walkout against corruption for Thursday afternoon to support the fight against corruption and injustice.

The walkout was postponed due to the temporary closure of the campus.

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) has conducted a cleanup operation at the Lagarian creek in Brgy. Kalusugan, Quezon City, to mitigate flooding problems in the city during the rainy season.

The clearing operation, which is in coordination with the Quezon City Government, was inspected by MMDA General Manager Undersecretary Procopio Lipana and Quezon City Engineering Department Chief Mark Dale Perral on Thursday.

In an interview with reporters, Lipana emphasized that the 4-kilometer-long Lagarian Creek must be cleared of waste and desilted to enhance water flow and prevent the accumulation of floodwaters during heavy rains.

‘The houses here are almost submerged (in the flood). A lot will be affected by flooding if we don’t desilt this creek,’ he said.

Meanwhile, Perral noted that the Lagarian creek is a critical waterway, since it is upstream of the San Juan River, adding that as for the Roxas District alone, the estimated flood volume can reach around 30,000 cubic meters.

‘If we can desilt it, the capacity of the creek will increase. It will be a big help,’ he said.

The QC engineering chief, meanwhile, noted that they observed that aside from the dumped garbage, the waste found along the creek are mostly belongings of residents that were washed away due to the flood.

Nonetheless, Perral and Lipana appealed to the public to stop dumping waste in wrong places, such as canals and creeks.

Perral affirmed that the Quezon City government has been implementing the resolution recently passed by the Metro Manila Council, where the maximum penalty standard fine for those caught illegally throwing garbage in public places is P5,000.

Senate President Pro Tempore Panfilo Lacson continued to make cryptic posts on X, this time about a ‘crazy cat’ meowing on the ground floor and ‘an annoying dog that keeps barking on the upper floor.’

‘Help! Is there a veterinary clinic with an animal psychiatric ward?’ read his X post on Thursday.

‘We have a crazy cat that keeps meowing on the ground floor and an annoying dog that keeps barking on the upper floor,’ Lacson added.

Incidentally, the senator’s remark came just a day after Sen. Rodante Marcoleta’s privilege speech on the Senate floor about Lacson’s earlier disclosure that almost all senators in the 19th Congress inserted at least P100 billion in the 2025 national budget.

Lacson has already explained to his colleagues in a caucus that his mention of ‘almost all senators’ in his media interviews was not meant to put them or the whole Senate on the spot.

‘The overarching reason for my disclosure or revelation was to point out that we must accept the fact that we are all in crisis owing to the recent anomalies involving the substandard and even ghost flood control projects unearthed in the course of the Blue Ribbon Committee hearings and other similar investigations,’ he said then.

Senate President Vicente ‘Tito’ Sotto III has also clarified that individual or institutional amendments or insertions made during Senate deliberations are part of the regular budget process.

But Marcoleta, in the privilege speech on Monday, noted how Sotto seemed to draw a ‘moral line that insertions were wrong’ when he refused an alleged insertion offer to him in the 2026 budget by the Department of Public Works and Highways Usec. Maria Catalina Cabral.

‘Does this mean that the Senate President never had budget insertions during all the time he served as senator of the Republic and as Senate President for almost five years?’ Marcoleta asked.

Before answering the question, Sotto said he wished Marcoleta had delivered his speech when Lacson was still in the session hall.

‘But nevertheless, to answer his question of whether from my 1992 to the present, have I not had any insertions, I guarantee you I have never made any insertion in the budget. Because insertions are not tolerated and I will never do that.’ the Senate chief said.

Sotto explained that insertions are those that were made during the bicameral conference committee, and not those that were made on second reading on the Senate floor.

‘An insertion is different from an amendment. [An] amendment is legally done during second reading and approved on third reading,’ he pointed out, speaking partly in Filipino.

To ensure transparency in the current and next budget proposals, all amendments of senators would have to be made on the Senate floor.

‘They will own what they amend whatever it is and we will not accept any amendment in the bicameral conference committee,’ Sotto said.

Public satisfaction with President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s performance rose in the second quarter of 2025, according to the Social Weather Stations (SWS) survey released on Tuesday.

The survey, conducted from June 25 to 29, 2025, indicated that the President received the highest gain from those in Balance Luzon and among the 55-year-old and older age group, but his rating remained ‘poor’ among those in the 18- to 24-year-old bracket.

It showed that nearly half, or 46 percent, of adult Filipinos were satisfied with Marcos’ performance, up from 38 percent in April 2025. Thirty-six percent, on the other hand, were dissatisfied, down from 48 percent in the same period. Those who were ‘undecided’ accounted for 19 percent, an increase from April’s 14 percent.

This result translated into a net satisfaction rating of +10 (satisfied minus dissatisfied), which the SWS classifies as ‘moderate.’ It marks a 20-point improvement from the ‘poor’ -10 recorded in April 2025, reversing the steady decline from ‘very good’ +32 in September 2024 to ‘neutral’ +1 in February 2025.

Not numbers alone

Asked for his comment, Marcos appeared to be surprised, saying he was not aware of the improvement in his trust ratings.

‘It’s, of course, nice to note. I didn’t know about that. But now that you tell me, of course I’m glad that it’s that way,’ he told reporters during his visit to Masbate City on Wednesday to lead the distribution of assistance to families affected by Typhoon Opong last week.

‘I guess we just have to keep working. Whatever is happening-whether there’s a storm, a scandal, or unrest-the people always expect the government to continue delivering services, to keep doing its work at every level, both national and local,’ he added.

As public servants, Marcos said, they should be simply working to serve the people, and not be seen as playing games, or engaging in nonsense or politicking.

Gains in all areas

An improvement in the President’s satisfaction ratings was driven by gains across all areas, with the highest recorded in Luzon outside Metro Manila at ‘moderate’ +28, representing a 21-point jump from ‘neutral’ +7 in April 2025.

This was followed by Metro Manila at +1, the Visayas at -2, and Mindanao at -9, all classified as ‘neutral.’ Compared to the previous survey, these reflect increases of seven points from ‘neutral’ -6, nine points from ‘poor’ -11, and 35 points from ‘bad’ -44, respectively.

Marcos’ net satisfaction also improved across both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, it rose by 11 points from -4 to +7, both ‘neutral,’ while in urban areas it climbed by 27 points from ‘poor’ -14 to ‘moderate’ +13.

The President’s net satisfaction rating also rose among all age groups except for those between 18 and 24 years old.

‘Poor’ for Gen Z

Compared to April 2025, net satisfaction with the President among those 55 years and older rose by 23 points from ‘neutral’ +9 to a ‘good’ +32 in the latest survey. It rose six points to ‘neutral’ +5 compared to ‘neutral’ -1 among 45- to 54-year-olds.

For 35 to 44-year-olds, his net satisfaction was at ‘neutral’ +5, up by 18 points from ‘poor’ -13 in April 2025. It also rose by 43 points to ‘neutral’ +4 from ‘bad’ -39 among 25 to 34-year-olds.

Meanwhile, it hardly moved at ‘poor’ -18 from ‘poor’ -19 among the 18 to 24-year-olds, or those from Generation Z.

The survey was conducted among 1,200 adults using face-to-face interviews and had a sampling margin of error of plus-or-minus 3 percent for national percentages and plus-or-minus 6 percent for Metro Manila, Visayas, Mindanao, and Luzon outside Metro Manila.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) said it will remain on full alert in Cebu even as search and rescue operations ended in the wake of the magnitude 6.9 earthquake in the province.

‘The search and retrieval operations were stopped last night because their search for the injured ended. All the missing individuals have been accounted for,’ PNP public information chief Brig. Gen. Randulf Tuaño said in a press briefing in Camp Crame on Thursday.

‘That’s why our concentration is now just relief and rehab operations. That’s why the PNP is still on full alert,’ he added.

This came after the Office of Civil Defense also stated that some rescue teams have been informed they may demobilize and continue assisting with relief operations.

The PNP also stated that it has yet to receive reports of violence and looting in the aftermath of the earthquake and that the Central Visayas police have increased their deployment from 1,356 officers to 2,250 officers to bolster relief and rehabilitation efforts.

At least 72 individuals were reported dead and 294 were reported injured, according to the latest National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) situational report on Thursday morning.

However, the NDRRMC noted that these casualties have yet to be validated.

A man seen on video holding a pistol, believed to be behind the killing of a 37-year-old construction worker at the height of a riot in Manila after the September 21 protests, is not part of the Philippine National Police (PNP), according to a lawmaker.

During the plenary debates at the House of Representatives on Thursday regarding the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), budget sponsor and Camarines Sur 4th District Rep. Arnie Fuentebella assured ACT Teachers party-list Rep. Antonio Tinio that no PNP officer discharged a firearm that killed Eric Saber.

Tinio, during his time to quiz the PNP, an attached agency of the DILG, asked whether the police force had seen videos circulating on social media showing the exact moment Saber was gunned down amid the riot along Claro M. Recto Avenue in the City of Manila.

‘This is widely circulated on social media [.] the ones who entered the hotel have firearms before they eventually went out, so in the video, the alleged gunman who fired is wearing a blue sweater or sweatshirt, he is allegedly the gunman. This is evident in the video. He went in, and his two companions went in to rescue him,’ Tinio said.

‘We are not making any conclusions, but who are those people? Some are saying that maybe they are police officers (in plainclothes). My point is, there is evidence circulating on social media of gunmen in the vicinity right where the shooting happened. So in other words, if the police work on the investigation, they can identify the actual gunman who shot Eric Saber,’ he added.

‘Yes, actually, Madam Speaker, that’s part of the investigation, but we can say that these are not police officers; these people pertain to what we have been saying that they are rioters with guns. So, they are not part of the organization of the Philippine National Police,’ Fuentebella replied.

Tinio said he hopes Saber would get justice, saying that it is the wish of the victim’s relatives when he went to the wake over the weekend.

‘We talked to the family, of course, they are looking for justice for their brother,’ he added.

According to Tinio, Saber was neither part of the rally nor the riot – stressing that Saber’s family relayed that the construction worker only went to a mall in Pasay City to hang out with friends before returning home.

Since Saber lives in Tondo, he had to move through Recto Avenue to go home. Tinio said that Saber was curious about the rally and checked out what was happening.

‘He’s a construction worker, and actually he and his friends only visited MOA that afternoon – meaning, he is not part of those staging a rally. That is his photo. Then, when they were returning home in the afternoon, since he hails from Tondo, he had to move along Recto Avenue,’ Tinio said.

‘And because there has been a commotion near the area, and you know that many Filipinos during commotions are curious to see what is happening. So that is what happened, he was clearly a bystander, watching the riot unfolding,’ he added.

On September 21, two major rallies were organized by opposition groups – one in Luneta Park, Manila, in the morning, and another along the EDSA Shrine and the People Power Monument in Quezon City. Both were geared at protesting against the corruption schemes in the government’s infrastructure projects.

While the programs were generally peaceful, rallies took on a violent turn after some protesters not affiliated with organizers burned down a container trailer along Ayala Avenue – just a few steps from one of Malacañang complex’s gates.

The riot then shifted to Recto Avenue, and in one instance, shots were heard being fired near a hotel chain. The National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO), meanwhile, said that their officers did not fire guns during the protest.

No tear gas

Fuentebella, who was assisted by Interior Secretary Jonvic Remulla and acting PNP chief Lt. Gen. Jose Melencio Nartatez, also maintained that no tear gas was released by the anti-riot force during the protests.

Fuentebella said this after being asked by Kamanggagawa party-list Rep. Elijah San Fernando about news reports stating that tear gas was used. According to the Camarines Sur solon, only ‘smoke grenades’ were deployed.

‘The DILG Secretary claims no teargas and guns were used by the police officers [.] Now based on media reports, the police responded with teargas and water cannons, and there are many pieces of evidence, videos, posts,’ San Fernando said.

‘Yes actually Madam Speaker, we have to be careful also in watching the media, because it is not teargas, it was smoke grenades Madam Speaker,’ Fuentebella replied.

San Fernando also asked Fuentebella about police officers carrying firearms to areas of rallies, which supposedly violates Batas Pambansa No. 880 or the The Public Assembly Act of 1985.

Fuentebella then said that only members of the PNP’s Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) unit have firearms, and they are located at the far end of the police line – and not at the front lines.

‘Now, the Public Assembly Act of 1985 or BP 880, Section 10(b), it says members of the law enforcement contingent shall not carry any kind of firearms but maybe equipped with batons, riot sticks, shields, crash helmets, visors, gas masks, boots, or ankle-high shoes with shin guards. Now there are media reports circulating that we can actually see our police personnel carrying firearms during the rally,’ San Fernando said.

‘Yes, the riot police had no firearms but SWAT they do have. But they were at the far back Madam Speaker, if we cannot control the rioters who we saw burning things, throwing stones, and causing violence in our society, then the SWAT has firearms to address it. But at the forefront, the ones in front are riot police, who do not have firearms, Madam Speaker,’ Fuentebella answered.

At least 34 police stations and two police headquarters in Cebu were damaged in the magnitude 6.9 earthquake that struck the province, the Philippine National Police (PNP) said.

Although the PNP could not specify all the affected stations and headquarters, PNP Community Affairs Division Chief Col. Esmeraldo Osia Jr. said in a briefing at Camp Crame on Thursday that the stations were in northern Cebu, near the quake’s epicenter.

The tremor hit 19 kilometers northeast of Bogo City on Tuesday night, according to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.

Osia said one of the damaged headquarters was the Cebu Provincial Police Office in Cebu City.

Osia said the stations and headquarters had ‘cracks in their walls,’ while the Directorate for Police Community Relations Deputy Chief Brig. Gen. Antonio Marallag Jr. noted ‘varying degrees of damage.’

‘We are deploying teams of PNP civil engineers supported by experts from the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers to conduct a detailed and comprehensive assessment. The assessment is scheduled to begin tomorrow,’ Marallag said.

He added that six PNP mobility assets were damaged but that communication equipment remained operational.

Marallag further said 36 uniformed PNP personnel and one non-uniformed personnel from the Police Regional Office Central Visayas (PRO 7) reported that their homes were affected by the tremor.

He added that the PNP has not received any reports of violence or looting following the earthquake and that Central Visayas police increased their deployment from 1,356 to 2,250 officers to support relief and rehabilitation efforts.

At least 72 individuals were reported dead and 294 were reported injured, according to the latest National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) situational report on Thursday morning.

However, the NDRRMC noted that these casualties have yet to be validated.

Baguio City Mayor Benjamin Magalong ‘has only himself to blame’ for his short-lived tenure as special advisor to the Independent Commission on Infrastructure (ICI), a lawmaker said Thursday, after it was revealed that the controversy-dogged Discayas built a project in his city.

In a statement, House infrastructure committee chair Terry Ridon said Magalong’s failure to disclose that St. Gerrard Construction Company – owned by big-time contractor Pacifico ‘Curlee’ Discaya – had undertaken a ?110-million Baguio tennis court project ‘does not speak well of his actual commitment to transparency, accountability, and good governance.’

Curlee and his wife Cezarah are accused of enriching themselves through ghost and substandard projects implemented by their nine-company empire and of colluding with Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) officials to secure lucrative contracts.

‘It is the height of hypocrisy for a public official who styles himself as a champion of transparency, accountability, and good governance to reject public scrutiny of projects within his own local government,’ Ridon said.

This, after Magalong claimed in a Senate hearing on Thursday that he might have ‘struck a nerve or several nerves’ during his stint at the ICI, which is tasked with investigating anomalous infrastructure projects over the past 10 years.

Tennis court project

This, he said, might be the reason for the ‘sudden below-the-belt accusation’ tagging the tennis court project as anomalous.

Magalong maintained that the tennis court project followed proper procurement and denied any irregularities, and that it was unfair to suggest he was corrupt ‘just because the Discayas have a project (in Baguio).’

The anti-corruption group Mayors for Good Governance (M4GG) likewise rallied behind Magalong, whom it said ‘cannot be bought, bullied, or swayed by favors or threats.’

Magalong resigned from the ICI last week after President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. ordered a review of his role in light of the controversy. He was then replaced by former Philippine National Police chief Rodolfo Azurin.

Ridon, however, argued that the scrutiny was justified given the Discayas’ track record of poor infrastructure projects.

At the same time, the Bicol Saro lawmaker said, this would have ‘directly test(ed) Mayor Magalong’s integrity and commitment to transparency, as he himself, as the city’s Head of Procuring Entity, has engaged a contractor linked to ghost and substandard projects.’

He noted that Magalong had more than a month – from Marcos’ Aug. 11 disclosure of the Discayas’ role in anomalous projects to the family’s Sept. 2 admission that they controlled multiple firms, including St. Gerrard – to reveal the Baguio project, but kept silent until a news report surfaced on Sept. 20.

‘To be clear, there is no allegation at this point that the ?110-million Baguio City tennis court project is tainted with corruption, or that city officials received kickbacks from the Discayas. There is, however, a legitimate allegation that the project may be substandard-giving the public every reason to ask questions,’ Ridon said.

‘And more importantly, even the loudest champions of good governance should never reject scrutiny of their own projects,’ he added.

As it is located in the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire,’ the Philippines is at risk from earthquakes, with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) saying that 100 to 150 earthquakes hit the country every year.

Last Tuesday, Sept. 30, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit Cebu, leaving 69 people dead, 147 individuals wounded, and P2 billion worth of damage.

RELATED STORY: ‘Big One’ scenario in Metro: 52,000 dead, 500,000 injured

Rafael Alejandro IV, assistant secretary of the Office of the Civil Defense, said most of the deaths were in Bogo City-the epicenter of the earthquake-at 30, followed by 22 in San Remigio; 10 in Medellin; five in Tabogon; and one each in Sogod and Tabuelan.

The province is already in a state of calamity, with officials saying they do not know the extent of the damage because a lot of areas, specifically remote villages, have yet to be accessed.

The magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit at 9:59 p.m., with the epicenter located 21 kilometers northeast of Bogo City with a shallow depth of five kilometers, which was felt as far as Camarines Sur in Luzon and Davao del Sur in Mindanao.

An earthquake, Phivolcs said, is ‘a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.’ It said earthquakes originated in the tectonic plate boundary.

There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an earthquake: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake where its strength was most felt, while intensity is generally higher near the epicenter.

Back in 2022, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake (earlier measured at 7.3) hit Tayum, Abra, prompting President Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos Jr. to order the immediate deployment of rescue and relief teams to Northern Luzon.

The earthquake, which was strongly felt in Luzon, killed 11 people and left P1.4 billion worth of damage.

Heritage structures in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur were also reported damaged by the earthquake, which struck at 8:43 a.m., and felt at different levels of intensities mainly in Northern Luzon and as far as Metro Manila.

An earthquake, Phivolcs said, is ‘a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.’ It said earthquakes originated in the tectonic plate boundary.

RELATED STORY: Earthquake damages structures, bridges in Abra town – initial reports

There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an earthquake: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake where its strength was most felt, while intensity is generally higher near the epicenter.

INQUIRER.net lists down some of the killer earthquakes that hit the Philippines, which is surrounded by active faults, like the West Valley Fault, which is 100 kilometers in length.

GRAPHIC: Ed Lustan

Casiguran earthquake

A magnitude 7.3 earthquake with an intensity of 8 struck Casiguran, Aurora at 4:19 a.m. on Aug. 2, 1968, the most severe and destructive experienced in the Philippines then, leaving ‘several millions of pesos worth of damage.’

Phivolcs said 270 people were killed and 261 were injured as a result of the earthquake. A six-story building in Binondo, Manila collapsed instantly while some buildings near Binondo and Escolta in Manila sustained varying levels of structural damage.

‘The cost of property damage was several million dollars. Extensive landslides and large fissures were observed in the mountainous part of the epicentral area. Tsunami was also observed and recorded as far as observations in tide gauge stations in Japan.’

Moro Gulf earthquake

Phivolcs said that a few minutes after the stroke of midnight on Aug. 17, 1976, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake hit the island of Mindanao, triggering a tsunami that devastated more than 700 kilometers of the coastline bordering Moro Gulf in Celebes Sea. Damage was estimated at P6.7 billion.

It was an earthquake that resulted in massive destruction of properties and great loss of lives-8,000. Phivolcs said the tsunami was responsible for 85 percent of deaths, 65 percent of the injuries, and 95 percent of those missing.

‘After the sea spent its fury and rolled back to its natural flow, thousands of people were left dead, others homeless or missing and millions of pesos lost with the damages of properties.’

Some of the structures damaged by the earthquake were the Notre Dame University, Dawns Hotel, Imperial Hotel, Melbourne Hotel, New Society Hotel, Cotabato Cinema, and the Immaculate Conception Church.

Laoag earthquake

On Aug. 17, 1983, 8:18 p.m., a magnitude 6.5 earthquake with an intensity of 7 hit the province of Ilocos Norte, with a tremor that was perceptible over a distance of 400 kilometers from the epicenter.

Phivolcs said this was the most severe earthquake in northwestern Luzon in 52 years and probably the second strongest earthquake to hit Laoag City and its immediate vicinity.

This earthquake, which destroyed buildings in the province, left 16 people dead and 47 people wounded. The most heavily damaged structures in Laoag City are those near the Laoag River flood plain and along reclaimed stream channels.

‘Several earthquake-induced landslides were observed in places where the slopes along road cuts were steep to very steep. This condition had been aggravated by prolonged rainy days, absence of vegetation to hold the soil, and moderately weathered rocks.’

Panay earthquake

Panay Island was hit by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on June 14, 1990, leaving eight people dead and 41 people wounded. Its epicenter was tagged in the vicinity of Culasi, Antique province.

The earthquake’s depth, Phivolcs said, was computed to be 15 kilometers and was generated by fault movement in the collisional zone off western Panay Island. An intensity of 7 was felt in Culasi, Antique and Libacao, Aklan.

Because of the earthquake, 15 percent of residential houses collapsed while the rest were damaged. Several commercial buildings, a school, a church, and bridges collapsed. Damage was estimated at P30 million.

Luzon Earthquake

The International Code Council said the magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck the island of Luzon on July 16, 1990, wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of the island, the country’s largest, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.

The epicenter of the earthquake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was located in Rizal, Nueva Ecija. The shaking went on for nearly a full minute and collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and death.

The earthquake resulted in a number of collapsed buildings, left an estimated $369 million worth of damage, and 2,412 people dead. It produced a 125-kilometer long ground rupture that stretches from Dingalan, Aurora to Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya.

Mindoro earthquake

According to the International Tsunami Information Center, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit Mindoro province on Nov. 15, 1994, leaving damage worth P67. 2 million. The earthquake generated a local destructive tsunami.

In Oriental Mindoro, the combined effects of the earthquake and the tsunami killed a total of 78 people, injured 430, damaged or destroyed 7, 566 houses in 13 out of 15 municipalities, damaged roads, destroyed or damaged 24 bridges, and sunk numerous fishing boats.

It said there was no time to issue a warning. Approximately five minutes after the tremor, tsunami waves struck along a 40-kilometer stretch of the northern and eastern shoreline of Mindoro island, from Puerto Galera up to Pinamalayan.

Negros Oriental earthquake

A magnitude 6.7 earthquake shook the provinces of Negros and Cebu, and nearby islands of Western Visayas region at 11:49 a.m. on Feb. 6, 2012.

The earthquake was generated by a thrust fault movement with the epicenter located in Tayasan, Negros Oriental. An intensity of 8 was felt in Tayasan, Vallehermoso, Jimalalud, La Libertad, and Guihulngan, Negros Oriental.

The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure was P383 million. The earthquake left 51 dead and 112 injured, while 62 went missing from the landslide in Solongon, La Libertad and Planas, Guihulngan

Tsunami waves as high as five meters likewise struck Barangays Martilo, Pisong, and Magtalisay in La Libertad, Negros Oriental. Coastal areas of Negros Oriental from San Jose to Vallehermoso, and Cebu from Badian to Barili were also affected by the tsunami.

Bohol earthquake

It was on Oct. 15, 2013 when a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the Visayas. The epicenter was located in Bohol in Central Visayas, but the shaking was felt as far as Southern Mindanao.

The earthquake affected over 1.2 million people, 222 people died, 976 were injured and eight people were missing. Over 79,000 structures including homes, roads, churches, schools and public buildings were damaged, according to a World Health Organization report. At least 14,500 of these structures were destroyed, the WHO report said.

The earthquake, which hit a month before Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) struck the Visayas, left damage worth P2.25 billion.

Central Luzon earthquake

Zambales, Pampanga, and nearby provinces were hit by a magnitude 6.1 earthquake at 5:11 p.m. on April 22, 2019, leaving damage to infrastructure worth P539 million.

The epicenter was located 18 kilometers east of Castillejos, Zambales, on a mountainous area, at a depth of 10 kilometers. Small-magnitude earthquakes followed afterwards, and as of 8:00 a.m. of 23 April 2019, 421 aftershocks have been recorded.

The earthquake left 18 people dead, 256 people injured, while three people went missing.

Davao del Sur earthquake

At 2:11 p.m. on Dec. 15, 2019, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake shook the province of Davao del Sur and its vicinity. The earthquake’s epicenter was located nine kilometers northwest of Matanao, Davao del Sur, at a depth of three kilometers.

This earthquake followed the recent earthquake events on July 9, 2019 and Oct. 16 2019. After this, a total of 530 small to moderate magnitude earthquakes have been recorded.

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council said the earthquake left nine dead and injured hundreds of people. Damage was estimated at P4.55 million.