Public funds at the state and local government levels, procurement processes, agricultural businesses, construction companies, restaurants and other legitimate businesses are being exposed for different forms of financial crime, the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) has said.
The NFIU said it had identified serious vulnerabilities in Nigeria’s public financial system, businesses and cross-border transactions.
The discoveries are contained in the NFIU’s 2025 Annual Report, which examined emerging risks and changing methods used to move, conceal and disguise proceeds of crime.
The Unit said its analysis showed an increasingly complex financial-crime environment in which traditional criminal methods are combining with cross-border transactions and weaknesses in the financial system.
The NFIU is responsible for receiving and analysing financial disclosures and passing intelligence to law enforcement, regulatory and other competent authorities for further action.
According to the report, one of the major areas of concern is the vulnerability of state and local government funds to diversion through finance officers and third parties.
The NFIU said its analysis had identified cases in which public funds were moved through the accounts of finance officers and people or entities connected to them.
Such arrangements, it said, create opportunities for money to be diverted away from its intended public purpose.
The NFIU also identified government procurement as a major area of financial-crime risk, saying the process remains vulnerable to corruption and money laundering.
Procurement involves large amounts of public money and, according to the Unit, weaknesses in the process can provide opportunities for illicit financial flows. The use of cash transactions makes the situation more difficult because cash can weaken the trail needed by auditors and investigators to follow the movement of money and identify assets acquired with it.
The report also drew attention to an unusual trend involving agricultural and mechanised farming businesses.
The NFIU said it had detected suspicious transaction patterns involving companies registered as agricultural businesses and mechanised farms. Some of the entities had links to unlicensed foreign-exchange activities, while their apparent foreign ownership and financial activities did not appear to fit the normal pattern expected from businesses operating in the agricultural sector.
The Unit said such patterns suggested that some agricultural businesses could be functioning as fronts for foreign-exchange operations or the movement of money across borders.
The construction industry also came under scrutiny, with the NFIU identifying the use of multiple companies to conceal the true ownership of businesses and assets.
Its analysis found cases where several construction companies appeared to have the same beneficial owner even though they were registered under different names or in different jurisdictions.
The arrangement, according to the Unit, can make it difficult for authorities and financial institutions to establish who actually controls the companies and benefits from their transactions.
The NFIU further identified a cash-laundering pattern involving bakeries and restaurants, with some businesses allegedly being used to introduce large amounts of cash into the formal financial system.
According to the report, suspicious patterns showed large cash deposits being made through hospitality-related businesses before the funds were transferred into the accounts of other companies, including companies in the oil and gas sector.
Part of the money was subsequently moved back into the hospitality businesses as supposed investments.
The NFIU said the pattern was consistent with a method in which illicit cash is first introduced into the financial system and then moved through several accounts or businesses to make its original source more difficult to identify.
Beyond domestic transactions, the Unit said cross-border financial activities are increasingly being exploited to hide where illicit funds come from and where they eventually go.
It identified suspicious international transactions, including foreign inflows and transfers through high-risk corridors, as areas requiring increased attention.
The report said criminals could use international money transfers and trade-related payment arrangements to create layers between illicit funds and their original source or final destination.
The NFIU said some suspicious foreign inflows also showed possible links to organised crime and human trafficking networks, raising concerns about the international dimension of financial crime in Nigeria.
The finding is particularly significant because the movement of money connected to organised crime can cross several countries and financial institutions, making detection and recovery more difficult.
The Unit identified Bureau de Change operators and International Money Transfer Operators (IMTOs) among sectors facing elevated financial-crime risks.
These businesses handle foreign currencies and international transfers and, as a result, can be attractive channels for people seeking to move illicit funds across borders.
The NFIU said transactions through international money-transfer channels in high-risk corridors continued to present money-laundering concerns, particularly where the purpose, origin or destination of funds could not be properly established.
Another concern raised in the report was the vulnerability of public-sector accounts themselves.
The NFIU’s analysis included cash withdrawals from state and local government accounts, which it considered important enough to warrant a separate thematic review.
The concern is that weak controls around public accounts, particularly where large withdrawals or third-party transactions are involved, can make it easier for public money to be diverted or concealed.
The Unit warned that newer financial institutions and financial services are creating fresh areas of exposure.
The rapid growth of fintech, mobile money and other digital financial services has expanded access to financial services, but it has also created new opportunities for criminals where customer identification and monitoring systems are weak.
The NFIU said financial crime is becoming increasingly interconnected with technology, cross-border activity and new financial products.
The report’s findings come against the background of a wider financial-crime challenge. The NFIU received more than 41.7 million Currency Transaction Reports, 42,082 Suspicious Transaction Reports and 10,513 Suspicious Activity Reports in 2025, according to figures from the annual report.