At night, when traffic thins and the streets become quieter, some parts of Lagos acquire a different set of workers.
They move through refuse dumps, construction sites, railway corridors and major roads, searching for anything that can be sold as scrap metal. A discarded nail is worth picking. A piece of iron is worth carrying. A section of railing, a manhole cover, a cable or a metal reinforcement buried inside concrete can become a source of income.
From scavenging to vandalism
For some young people living on the margins of Nigeria’s expanding cities, scrap metal collection provides a source of income. But the line between scavenging and vandalism has increasingly become blurred.
Public infrastructure has become an attractive target because its metal components can be sold quickly.
Railway infrastructure has been particularly vulnerable. In March 2026, the Nigerian Railway Corporation arrested a suspected track vandal in Lagos after he was allegedly found with 15 pandrol clips and iron fasteners believed to have been removed from the railway corridor at Alagomeji.
The NRC warned that removing such components could compromise track stability and increase the risk of derailment.
In April, the Nigeria Police Force announced the arrest of two suspects in Nasarawa State and the recovery of about 60 tonnes of vandalised railway tracks and sleepers, valued at more than N400 million.
In July, three suspected members of a railway vandalism syndicate were arrested in Oyo State, with stolen rail tracks estimated at about N200 million recovered.
These cases point to an organised market rather than isolated acts of opportunistic theft.
Lagos feels the pressure
The problem is particularly visible in Lagos, where rapid urbanisation has placed enormous pressure on infrastructure.
The state government recently arrested suspects allegedly chipping away concrete from the newly constructed Festac-Alakija Bridge to steal iron rods, steel reinforcements and cables.
At Kosofe Bus Stop around Mile 12, thieves were also arrested after allegedly removing structural iron components from concrete road barriers.
Along the Lagos-Calabar Coastal Highway, newly established Coastal Highway Guards have arrested suspected thieves allegedly cutting sections of the road’s clear-view fence and barbed wires.
The attacks are happening even as governments spend billions of naira constructing new roads, bridges and transportation infrastructure.
For every damaged structure, the government must spend again on repairs or replacement. That means vandalism deepens the infrastructure deficit it is already costing the government to address.
When the streets become dangerous
The consequences are not limited to government budgets.
A missing manhole cover can become a death trap, particularly during heavy rainfall when floodwater hides the opening.
Damaged road barriers and missing railings increase risks for motorists and pedestrians, while vandalised railway components can threaten the safety of passengers.
The problem is therefore not simply about stolen property. It is a public safety issue. It also contributes to the proliferation of informal settlements.
Along major highways in Lagos, shanties and makeshift structures have become increasingly common. During a recent enforcement exercise along the Lagos-Badagry Expressway, environmental officials uncovered a makeshift clinic operating from a roadside shanty around Barracks Bus Stop, with a patient reportedly receiving treatment there.
The discovery demonstrates how informal activities can become entrenched when public spaces are poorly controlled.
The touting economy
Street miscreants are also increasingly associated with harassment and extortion.
Obafemi Hamzat, Lagos State deputy governor, recently described the practice of individuals stopping luxury vehicles along the Lekki-Epe Expressway as criminal.
‘That is criminal and therefore, we will not allow it. We will take a lot of them off the streets,’ he said during an appearance on Nigerian Info.
Hamzat said surveillance cameras along the road had helped security agencies identify suspects and that some had already been arrested.
The controversy intensified after a video circulated on X showing street urchins and touts allegedly harassing celebrities for money.
Tokunbo Wahab, Lagos commissioner for Environment, said the state had repeatedly dislodged such groups but argued that public patronage was helping them return.
‘The State Government has consistently apprehended and dislodged these street urchins from various locations across the state,’ Wahab said.
He added that financial support from ‘some influencers, celebrities, and members of the public’ could encourage the groups to view the activity as a livelihood.
Poverty or a breakdown of control?
Poverty and unemployment are often cited as major drivers of street crime and scavenging.
Nigeria’s major cities attract young people from across the country looking for jobs and opportunities. Many arrive without stable accommodation or employment and are absorbed into informal economic networks.
Some observers argue that Lagos, as the country’s commercial hub, is carrying a disproportionate burden created by population movement from other states.
But poverty alone does not explain infrastructure vandalism. The existence of buyers for stolen materials is equally important.
A vandal can only profit if somebody is willing to purchase the stolen metal. This makes scrap dealers, middlemen and transporters an important part of the enforcement chain.
Arresting the person caught removing a railway component may not solve the problem if the market waiting for the stolen material remains intact.
Punishment versus rehabilitation
There are growing calls for a combination of enforcement and rehabilitation.
An X user, Uche Rochas, recently suggested that Lagos establish a large correctional rehabilitation centre where offenders could receive vocational training and engage in farming while serving their sentences.
He also called for continuous monitoring and regular reshuffling of law enforcement personnel to reduce compromise.
Wahab, however, pushed back against the suggestion, arguing that Lagos could end up bearing the cost of problems originating elsewhere.
‘Do well to propose this to other state governors so they can fund it, as we would most likely be inheriting their problems. Thank you!’ he said.
The exchange captures one of the central difficulties in tackling street crime in Lagos: the state must enforce its laws while managing a population that is constantly expanding through migration.
Protecting what Nigeria builds
Nigeria’s infrastructure challenge is usually discussed in terms of what the country needs to build. Increasingly, attention must also be paid to what it needs to protect.
Government can construct more roads, bridges and railway lines, but if their components are routinely stolen, the country will continue spending money replacing what it has already paid for.
A comprehensive response would require stronger surveillance of vulnerable infrastructure, faster prosecution of offenders, tighter controls around the scrap-metal trade and intelligence-led operations targeting buyers and middlemen.
Employment and vocational programmes also have a role, particularly for young people who depend on informal scavenging for survival. But rehabilitation cannot replace enforcement.
The government must make it clear that stealing a manhole cover, railway component or bridge reinforcement is not petty theft. It can endanger lives and impose additional costs on millions of Nigerians.
Nigeria is already struggling to close its infrastructure gap. Allowing vandals to dismantle what has been built risks turning that deficit into a permanent cycle: build, vandalise, repair and build again.