A change in tooth colour is caused by factors such as external stains from food, drinks, and tobacco, and internal factors such as disease, genetics, certain medications, or damage to the enamel itself. It is a common clinical and esthetic problem that has a significant impact on psychological status, social interaction, and well-being.
A study carried out at Ibadan University in West Africa showed that out of every 100 patients who reported to the hospital, nine patients self-reported tooth discolouration. In Uganda today, this area is greatly under-researched, and pain is a major reason for seeking dental treatment in our environment. Patients report discolouration as a precursor or sequel to pain. Discolouration of teeth is an aesthetic problem that is linked to a variety of causes, and it could be a source of embarrassment, leading to reduced self-esteem.
Tooth colour ranges from greyish white to yellowish. However, a lot of people desire white teeth, which shows that tooth colour is a very important factor determining patients’ satisfaction with dental appearance. Most tooth staining is extrinsic; it originates from pigments in foods, beverages, habits, mouth rinses, and occupation that are deposited or react with the tooth surface microenvironment.
Causes
There is considerable individual variation in the appearance, severity, and treatment of tooth discolouration depending on the type of discolouration, frequency of exposure, age, and home care.
Intrinsic tooth discolouration is caused by the incorporation of chromogens during tooth development due to metabolic, systemic, and genetic disorders or drugs. Tooth discolouration after tooth eruption is caused by drugs, chemicals, and pulpal sources.
Dentists should have a good understanding of the types and mechanisms of stain formation so that appropriate treatment can be performed, as well as explaining to the patient the nature of the staining and its prevention.
As a patient, practice good oral hygiene; brush teeth twice a day for at least two minutes with fluoride toothpaste, and floss daily. Limit stain-causing foods and drinks: reduce consumption of coffee, tea, red wine, and dark sodas, and rinse your mouth with water after consuming them.
Be careful with acidic foods; wait about an hour before brushing after eating or drinking acidic items to avoid pressing the acid into the enamel.
Consult a dentist
A dentist can help identify the cause of discolouration and recommend treatment options such as microabrasion for superficial stains.